3. Skeletal System Flashcards
Read over the following functions of the skeletal system
- Support
- Protection
- Assistance in movement
- Mineral homeostasis
- Blood cell production
- Triglyceride storage
What does red bone marrow produce?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Name all areas where the red bone marrow is located;
-Flat bones: Skull, sternum, scapula, ribs, ilia of pelvis
-Irregular bone; vertebrae
-Trabecular bone of PROXIMAL femur and PROXIMAL humorous
What does yellow bone marrow store?
Stem cells that produce fat (yellow bone marrow stores fat)
Where is yellow bone marrow located?
-In the spaces of the trabecular bone
-In the medullary cavity of long bones
What are the four types of bone tissue and what do each do?
- Osteoprogenitor cells: Stem cells that produce osteoblasts
- Osteoblasts: Build up bone
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells
- Osteoclasts: Break down bone=reabsorption
What is the term for blood cell production?
Hematopoiesis
What is compact bone made of?
Units of Osteons/Haversian systems
What is spongy bone made of?
Spongy bone consists of plates (trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small, irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow.
What are the five classifications of bone? Provide examples for each.
- Long bone: Upper+lower extremities
- Short bone: Carpal and tarsal bones
- Irregular bones: Vertebrae, facial bones
- Flat bones: Skull cap, sternum, ribs, scapula, illium
- Sesamoid: Patella, inferior great toe, medial thumb
Where do sesamoid bones develop?
Beside or inside tendons
What does the endosteum line?
The medullary cavity
What irregular bone is responsible for blood cell formation?
Vertebrae
What are the two methods of bone formation?
- Intramembranous Ossification
- Endochondral Ossification
Where does intramembranous ossification occur?
- Flat bones of skull and facial bones
- Medial ends of clavicles
Describe endochondral Ossification
It is the replacement of cartilage with bone and is the method by which bones grow (increase in length) and how fractures are repaired
Describe the lengthening of bones:
-The resting cartilage is located above the epiphysis
-New chondrocytes located in the zone of proliferating cartilage pushes out old cartilage, increasing the diaphysis in length
What is an Apophysis?
A bony region that develops separately from a separate ossification centre. It forms an important insertion point for ligaments or tendons
Where are Apophysis located?
-Tibial Tubercle
-Greater+lesser trochanters
-Iliac crest
-Base of 5th MT
Describe the 3 phases of fracture and repair of bone:
- The reactive phase-is an early inflammatory phase
2.The reparative phase-formation of fibrocartilaginous callus first, and bony callus second - Bone Remodelling-Bony Callus is remodeled
What is a hemarthrosis?
Blood/fluid density shown in Hoffa’s triangle, is not necessarily a fracture
What is a lipoarthrosis?
Release of bone marrow contents into the joint capsule, dark, straight black line inferior to the patella. Indicative of a fracture.
How should you image to find a hemo/lipohemo arthrosis?
Cross table lateral-dorsal decubitus
What two things increase blood calcium levels? What decreases it?
Increases: PTH and Osteoclasts
Decreases: Calcitonin
