9. Vertebral column and bony thorax Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
five
A
- Forms the trunk of the skeleton with ribs and sternum
- Provides flexible movement
- Encloses and protects the spinal cord
- Supports the head
- Provides attachment for ribs, pelvis and back muscles
2
Q
How many vertebrae are there in total in a fetus? How many vertebrae in each section?
A
33 vertebrae
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 lumbar
5 saccral
4 cocygeal
3
Q
How many vertebrae are there in total in an adult? How many vertebrae in each section?
A
26 vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
4
Q
What is having 6 lumbar vertebrae called?
A
Lumbarization
5
Q
How should the spine look in an AP and PA
A
Straight
6
Q
How many curves does a fetus have?
A
1 curve
7
Q
At how many months does an infant start to hold their head and the cervical spine changes?
A
3 months
8
Q
When an infant starts to sit up and walk, what part of the spine changes?
A
Lumbar curve changes
9
Q
What is the cervical curve called?
A
Lordotic curve
10
Q
What is the thoracic curve called?
A
Kyphotic curve
11
Q
What is the lumbar curve called?
A
Lordotic curve
12
Q
What is the pelvic curve called?
A
Kyphotic curve
13
Q
What are the primary curves? What type of curve are primary curves?
A
Throcic and sacrum, coccyx
-They are kyphotic curves
14
Q
What ussually happens to the spine during pregnancy?
A
Increased lordotic curve and kyphotic curve
15
Q
What are the secondary curves? What classification of curves are secondary curves?
A
Cervical and lumbar
-Lordotic curves
16
Q
When do secondary curves develop?
A
When you gain weight and the body changes
17
Q
Why do we image using the left lateral?
A
Easier to position the right lateral due to the position of the table
18
Q
What are the 3 abnormal curves?
A
- Kyphosis
- Lordosis
- Scoliosis
19
Q
What is kyphosis and where does it occur?
A
-It is an exaggeration of the abnormal kyphotic curve only in the thoracic regoin (adults)
-Common in elderly women
20
Q
What is lordosis and where does it occur?
A
-An exaggeration of the normal lordotic curve
-Occurs in the cervical and lumbar spines
21
Q
What is scolliosis and where does it occur?
A
-An abnormal lateral curve of the spine
-Rotation of the vertebrae to the convex side of the curve
22
Q
What is the weight-bearing part of the vertebrae?
A
The vertebral body
23
Q
What is the vertebral body seperated by?
A
IV discs
24
Q
What is the vertebral body bounded by?
A
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
25
What is the vertebral body made of and surrounded by?
-Majority is made of spongy bone that contains red bone marrow
-Surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone
26
Where does the vertebral arch project?
Projects posteriorly from the body
27
Where are the 2 pedicals located on the vertebrae?
The vertebral arch
28
Where are the vertebral notches located?
On the inferior and superior surfaces of the the vertebral arch
29
What forms the intervertebral foramina?
**The vertebral notches**
| Superior and inferior
30
Where does the spinal nerves enter and exist?
From the **intervertebral foramina**
31
Where are the 2 laminae located?
## Footnote
Where do they unite?
Continue from the pedicles on the vertebral arch and unite posteriorly
32
Where does the spinal cord pass through?
**vertebral foramen**
33
What are the processes that come off the vertebral arch?
| 4
1. Two superior articular processes
2. Two inferior articular processes
3. Two transverse processes
4. One spinous process
34
Where is the two transverse processes located?
Roughly where the pedicle and laminae meet
35
Where is the spinous process located?
Posteriorly at the union of the laminae
36
What are the two parts of the IV discs?
1. Annulus fibrosus
2. Nucleus pulposus
37
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What is the annulus fibrosus?
Outer fibrous,strong ring located in the IV discs
38
Where are herniated discs located?
any part of the spine but primarily the lumbar
39
What is the nucleus pulposus?
A soft, highly elastic structure located in the IV discs that allows compression
40
Where do the IV discs start and end in relation to the vertebrae?
Start at C2/3 to L5/S1
41
How much of the IV discs contribute to the height of the vertebral column
25%
42
What are the types of vertebral joints?
1. IV discs
2. Zygapophyseal joints
43
What is the zygapophyseal joints function?
To permit movement
44
What does the zygapophyseal joints arise from?
The articulations between the superior and inferior articular process of adjacent vertebrae
45
What is a herniated disc?
-A pinched nerve and a slipped disk
46
What is the name of C1
Atlas
47
What is the name of C2
Axis
48
What is the name C7?
Vertebral prominence
49
What are the atypical vertebrae?
C1, 2, 7
50
What are the typical vertbrae of the cervical spine?
C3-C6
51
What cervical spine has no body or **spinous process**?
The atlas
52
What part of the spine has the largest vertebral foramina of all vertebrae? What is that called?
-The cervical spine
-Called the cervical enlargment of the spinal cord
53
What cervical spine are bifid and short?
The spinous process of C2 to C6
54
Where does the transverse process arise from on the cervical spine?
Each transverse process arises from the pedicle and the body
| Rather than the pedicle/lamina junction
55
What do the articular pillars/lateral masses of the cervical spine form?
The zygapophyseal joints
56
Where are the articular pillars located on the cervical spine?
Between the superior and inferior articular processes of the same vertebra
## Footnote
The mass of bone between the articular facets is called the articular pillar.
57
Where are the zygapophyseal joints located on the cerivcal spine?
Between adjacent articular pillars
| Should be open on a true lateral
58
Where is the intervertebral formina located?
## Footnote
In cervical spine
Opens anteior 45 degrees to the midsaggital plane and projected 15 degrees inferiorly
59
How do you demonstrate the right intervertebral formaina? Of cervical vertebrae
LPO 45 degree position with a 15 degree cephalad angle
60
What the 2 arches of C1?
1. Anterior arch
2. Posterior arch
61
What forms the atlanto-occipiatal joint and what motion does it permit?
-The superioro articular process
-Permits the motion of "YES"
62
What forms the atlato-axial joint?
The infeior articular processes articulating with C2
63
What charectoristics does C7 have?
-Is non bifid
-Has a spinous process (single point)
-Useful external landmark
64
What part of the rib articulates with the transverse process?
The tubercle
65
What does the head of the 5th rib articulate with?
The superior demifaucet of T5 and inferior demifaucet of T4
66
What thoracic vertebrae resemble cervical?
Upper bodies of T 1-4 resemble cervical
67
What thoracic vertebrae resemble lumbar vertebrae?
Lower bodies of T 9-12 resemble lumbar
68
Describe the charectoristics of thoracic spinous processes:
-Long
-Project inferiorly
69
Describe the charectoristics of the transverse processes on thoracic verebrae and describe the location:
Transverse processes are large and are at the junction of the pedicle and the lamina
70
What vertebrae are the first to attach to the ribs?
The thoracic vertebrae
71
What are the two articulations (joints) that are formed by the thoracic vertebrae?
1. Costovertebral joints
2. Costotransverse joints
72
Where does the head of the rib articulate with on the throacic vertebrae?
## Footnote
ie; superior, inferior
The posterolateral part on vertebral body
73
Define a whole faucet:
If the head of the rib only articulates with one body
| Thoracic vertebrae
74
Describe a demifacet:
(Half faucet)-if the head of the rib articulates with 2 vertebral bodies
75
On the superior aspect of T1, what type of facet is present?
Whole faucet
76
On the inferior aspect of T1, what type of facet is present?
Demifacet
77
On the superior aspect of T2-T8, what type of facet is present?
Demifacet
78
On the inferior aspect of T2-T8, what type of facet is present?
Demifacet
79
On the superior aspect of T9, what type of facet is present?
Demifacet
80
On the inferior aspect of T9, what type of facet is present?
None
81
On the superior aspect of T10-12, what type of facet is present?
Whole facet
82
On the inferior aspect of T10-T12, what type of facet is present?
None
83
What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with on the thoracic vertebrae? What kind of joint does this form?
Tubercle of rib articulates with the transverese process of verebrae T1 to T10
| Forms costovertebral joint
84
What structure is demonstrated clearly on a true lateral of the thoracic vertebrae?
The intervertebral formaina
85
What are the zygapophyseal joints made up of in the thoracic vertebrae?
Superior and inferior proccesses of adjacent vertebrae
86
What angle are the zygapophyseal joints at from a true lateral position?
## Footnote
In cervical spine
At a steep oblique (15 degrees from true lateral)
87
What section of vertebrae is the largest, and which vertebrae specifically is the biggest?
Lumbar, L5
87
What position of the body demonstrates the left and right zygapophyseal joints of thoracic vertebrae:
1. LAO, 75 degree oblique demonstrates the L side
2. LPO, 75 degree oblique demonstrates the right side
88
Describe the location of the pars interarticularis: How many do we have?
Part of the lamina that is located between the superior and inferior articular processes of the same vertebrae in lumbar spine
-2 on each vertebra
89
Where does the spinal cord end, and what is located after the spinal cord?
Spinal cord ends at the disc between L1 and L2 and continues as the spinal nerves
90
Describe the characteristics of the spinous process and the transverse processes of the Lumbar vertebrae
Spinous processes: Thick, blunt, and project horizontally
Transverse processes: Smaller compared to thoracic
91
Describe the characteristics of the bodies of the Lumbar vertebrae:
-Concave and project anteriorly and laterally
-Deeper (bigger) anteriorly compared to posteriorly
92
What is the function of the lumbar vertebrae?
Compensates for more weight
93
What is spondylolysis?
A fracture of the pars interarticularis
94
What is Spondylolisthesis?
Bilateral spondylolysis
| and slipped vertebrae
95
What is the intervertebral foramen formed by in Lumbar vertebrae and what position is it best seen on?
Formed by the superior and inferior vertebral notch of adjacent vertebra, and best seen on a lateral projection
96
What angle is the zygapophyseal joints located at in the Lumbar vertebrae? How much should you rotate the patient?
30-50 degrees from midsagittal plane, and you should rotate the patient an average of 45 degrees
97
What body position best demonstrates the right zygapophyseal or facet joints of the Lumbar vertebrae?
-RPO or LAO 45 degree oblique
98
What age does the sacrum fuse at and how many do we have?
Fuses at 16-18 and we have 5
99
How do you demonstrate the right IV foramina of the C spine?
-LPO 45 degree oblique with a 15 degree cephalad angle
-RAO 45 degree oblique with a 15 degree caudad angle
100
Which way does the sacrum curve and how do we image it?
Curves concave and we image by using a 15 degree cephalad angle (bisecting angle)
101
What 6 structures are located on the anterior view of the sacrum?
1. Base
2. Sacral ala
3. Sacral prominatory
4. Two superior articular processes
2. 4 pairs of anterior sacral foramina
3. Apex
102
What part of the sacrum articulates with the coccyx?
The apex
103
What do the two superior articular processes articulate with in the sacrum?
The inferior articular processes of L5
104
What is the fused transverse process of S1 called?
The sacral ala
105
What forms the SI joint?
The auricular surface on the lateral edge of the sacrum and the auricular surface of the illium
106
What 6 structures are located on the posterior view of the sacrum?
1. Convex surface
2. MEdian sacral crest
3. Lateral Sacral crest
4. Four pairs of posterior sacral foramina
5. Sacral Hiatus
6. Sacral cornu
107
What type of spinous and transverse process does the sacrum have?
Fused spinous and transverse process
108
Where is the sacral cornu located?
Adjacent to the sacral hiatus at the inferior articular process of S5
109
What part of the coccyx articulates with the sacrum?
The base
109
Where is the apex of the coccyx located?
At the level of the symphysis pubis
110
What is the thoracic cage composed of?
1. Thoracic vertebra
2. Ribs
3. Sternum
111
What 3 things make up the sternum?
1. Body
2. Manubrium
3. Xiphoid process
112
At what age does the sternum fuse?
25
113
What is the anterior connection for the ribs?
The sternum
114
Does the sternum produce red bone marrow?
Yes
115
What two notches are located on the manubrium?
1. Jugular notch
2. Clavicular notch
116
Where is the jugular notch located?
## Footnote
In relation to the vertebrae
In the disc space between T2 and T3
117
Where does the cartilage of the first rib attach?
Just below the SC joint
118
What junction does the sternal angle form?
Forms the junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum
119
What is the **landmark** for the start of the aortic arch?
## Footnote
What part of the sternum
The body of the sternum
120
Where is the sternal angle and which ribs attach to it?
Located on the body of the sternum in the disc space between T4 and T5
-Ribs 2-7 attach
121
What landmark (s) are located at T10?
1. Xiphoid process
2. Bottom of heart and anterior diaphram
122
How many pairs of ribs are there? Describe the position of the ribs in general:
-12 ribs
-Are in an oblique plane and slant anterior and inferior
123
Where does the costal groove run along, and what travels through the groove?
Costal groove runs along the inferior surface of rib, and the artery, vein, and nerve travels through it
124
Where is the anterior part of a rib located and what does it attach to? (In general)
Located 3-5 inches inferior to the vertebral or posterior part of the same rib and attaches to a costocartilage
125
What are the 3 main parts of a typical rib?
1. Vertebral end
2. Shaft or body
3. Sternal end
126
What landmarks are located at the vertebral end of a rib?
-Head
-Neck
-Tubercle
127
What does the head of the vertebral end of a rib articulate with?
The vertebral body
128
What does the tubercle of the vertebral end of a rib articulate with?
The transverse process of vertebra
129
What does the sternal end of a rib attach to?
Costocartilage
130
What ribs are the true, false, and floating ribs?
True: 1-7
False: 8-12
Floating: 11-12
131
What are compression fractures due to?
Loss of cortical bone
132
What is the top of the head called?
The vertex
133
On a 45-degree angle, where should the ZPJ be located in the lumbar spine? WHat about the Pars?
ZPJ: Should be directly in the middle of the vert. body
PI: Located posterior to the vertebral bodies
134
How do you name the thoracic vertebrae articulations with the ribs?
a. Participants in joint of the head of the rib
-Body of vertebrae above rib
-IV disc
-Head of rib
-Body of the vertebrae thats same as rib
b. Costotransverse joint
-Transverse process of the vertebrae of the same # as rib
-Tubercle of rib #
