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!Pharmacy Tech year 1 > 304 - Human Physiology for Pharmacy > Flashcards

304 - Human Physiology for Pharmacy Flashcards

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1
Q

Label the organelles.

A
  1. cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
  2. cytoplasm
  3. nucleus
  4. chromatin
  5. nucleolus
  6. ribosomes (on rough ER)
  7. endoplasmic reticulum
  8. mitochondria
  9. vesicle/lysosome
  10. golgi apparatus
  11. centrioles
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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of cells with a specialised function.

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3
Q

What is the scientific name of an egg cell?

A

An ovum/oocyte

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4
Q

What does the phospholipid bilayer look like?

A
  • two layers of phospholipids
  • contains proteins, some extend all the way through the membrane
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5
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  • circular
  • pores
  • contains DNA
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6
Q

Which is the ony cell in the human body without a nucleus?

A

A red blood cell (an erythrocyte) lacks a nucleus).

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7
Q

Which is the largest organelle?

A

The nucleus is the largest organelle.

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8
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A
  • sausage-shaped
  • has inner membrane
  • cristae = projections
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9
Q

What is the structure of the ribosomes?

A
  • small, spherical structures
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10
Q

What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • series of interconnecting membranous canals
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11
Q

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • stacks of closely folded flattened membranous cells
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12
Q

What is the structure of lysosomes?

A
  • small, round organelles
  • ‘binmen’ of the cell
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13
Q

What is the structure of the cytoplasm?

A
  • fluid containing many protein enzymes
  • helps the cell maintain its shape
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14
Q

What are the types of tissue?

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
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15
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • cardiac
  • smooth
  • skeletal
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16
Q

Is skeletal muscle under conscious or unconscious control?

A

The contraction of skeletal muscle is under conscious control.

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17
Q

Is smooth muscle under conscious or or unconscious control?

A

Smooth muscle is under unconscious control.

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18
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A
  • regulation of blood vessels (diameter)
  • propels contents of the ureters
  • expels contents of the bladder and uterus
  • GI tract
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19
Q

Is cardiac muscle under conscious or unconscious control?

A

Cardiac muscle is under unconscious control.

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20
Q

What is the function of the cardiac muscle?

A
  • alternate contraction and relaxation
    • stimulated by nerve impulse
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21
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

A
  • support/posture
  • protection
  • movement
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22
Q

Label this diagram of an axon.

A
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23
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Responding to stimuli and transmitting impulses from one body organ to another.

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24
Q

What is nervous tissue made up of?

A
  • neurons
  • glial cells
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25
What are the three types of neurones?
* motor neuron * interneuon * sensory neuron
26
What are sensory neurons also referred to as?
Afferent neurons = sensory neuron
27
Where do sensory neurons transmit signals?
Sensory neurons transmit signals from the **sensory organs** to the **CNS**.
28
Where do motor neurons conduct signals?
Motor neurons conduct impulses from the **CNS** to the **target organs**.
29
Where are interneurons located?
Interneurons are located between the **primary sensory neurone** and the **motor neurone**.
30
Label the bones
31
Label the bones
32
Label the bones
33
Label the bones
34
Label the bones
35
Label the bones
36
Label the bones
37
Label the bones
38
Label the bones
39
Where would you find cardiac muscle?
Cardiac muscle is found in the **heart**.
40
Where would you find skeletal muscle?
Skeletal muscle is found in the muscles **alongside bones**. (eg biceps)
41
Where would you find smooth muscle?
Smooth muscle is present in the walls of hollow **organs**.
42
What is the function of cartilage?
* Cartilage is a **resilient and smooth elastic tissue** that covers and **protects** the **ends** of long bones at the **joints** * **Structural** component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs. * Holds things open (eg rings of the trachea) * **shock absorption**
43
What is the function of the tendons?
* tough bands of connective tissue (made mostly of collagen) that attach a **muscle to a bone**.
44
Which are the fat soluble vitamins?
* vitamin A * vitamin D * vitamin E * vitamin K
45
Which are the water soluble vitamins?
* vitamin B * vitamin C
46
Where are the main hormones for regulating blood glucose produced?
The main hormones for regulating blood glucose levels are found in the **islets of Langerhans** in the **pancreas**.
47
Which hormone do the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete?
The alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete **glucagon**.
48
Which hormone do the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete?
The beta cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete **insulin**.
49
What is the function of the mouth?
* breaks food down **mechanically** (chewing) * breaks food down **chemically** (enzymes eg amylase in saliva) so it can be **easily digested**.
50
What is the function of the oesophagus?
* **transports** chewed food from the mouth to the stomach via **peristalsis**
51
Label the digestive system
52
What is the function of the pancreas?
* secretes **digestive enzymes** into the duodenum to digest macronutrients * makes **hormones** to regulate blood glucose (glucagon and insulin)
53
What are the sections of the small intestine?
* duodenum * jejunum * ileum
54
What is the function of the large intestine?
* muscular tube that moves digestive byproduct/stool (waste) along by peristalsis * absorbs water back into the body
55
What are the sections of the large intestine?
* cecum (blind gut) * ascending colon (right) * transverse colon (across) * descending colon (left) * sigmoid colon (connects to the rectum)
56
What are the main functions of the liver? (5)
* **metabolism** - process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine * **storage** - glucose, fat soluble vitamins, minerals * **enzyme production** - for metabolism, fibrinogen * **detoxification** - breaks down drugs * **digestion**- bile from the liver is secreted into the small intestine for digestion of fat
57
Where do you find nervous tissue?
**Everywhere**. It is located throughout the body.
58
What is the function of the axon? (Nervous tissue)
**Conducts electrical impulses** away from the nerve cell body. The function of the axon is to **transmit information** to different neurons, muscles, and glands.
59
What is the structure of an axon? (Nervous tissue)
An axon is a **long**, **slender** projection of a neuron.
60
What is the structure of dendrons/dendrites?
Dendrites, also dendrons, are **branched protoplasmic extensions** of a nerve cell.
61
What is the function of dendrons/dendrites?
Dendrites **propagate the electrochemical stimulation** received from other neural cells **to the cell body**, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project.
62
What is the structure of the nucleus in a nerve cell?
The nucleus of a neuron is an **oval shaped** **membrane-bound** structure found in the soma or body of the neuron. It contains the nucleolus and chromosomes.
63
What is the structure of the Schwann cells?
Myelinating Schwann cells **wrap around axons** of motor and sensory neurons to form the **myelin sheath**
64
What is the function of Schwann cells?
Schwann cells are involved in the c**onduction of nervous impulses** along axons among other functions. Schwann cell **insulate** the axon so nerve impulses jump to the **nodes of Ranvier**.
65
What is the structure of myelin?
Myelin is a **lipid-rich** (fatty) substance that **surrounds** nerve cell axons
66
What is the function of myelin sheath?
Myelin surrounds nerve cell axons to **insulate them** and **increase the rate** at which information (encoded as electrical impulses) is passed along the axon.
67
What is the structure and function of the nodes of Ranvier?
Nodes of Ranvier occur along a **myelinated axon** where they are **uninsulated** and highly enriched in ion channels. Nerve conduction in myelinated axons is referred to as **saltatory conduction** due to the manner in which the action potential seems to "jump" from one node to the next along the axon. This results in **faster conduction** of the action potential.
68
What is the structure of skeletal muscle?
* Bundles of contractile fibres, appear like stripes * Muscle cells are **long** and **multinucleated**
69
What is the structure of smooth muscle?
Smooth muscle is composed of **sheets or strands** of smooth muscle cells.
70
What is the function of the arteries?
Arteries carry blood **away** from the heart.
71
What is the function of veins?
Veins carry blood **back** to the heart.
72
What is the function of the capillaries?
Capillaries are for **gaseous exchange**.
73
What are the bursae?
* sacs filled with synovial fluid * found under tendons * provide cushioning
74
What are the different types of joint?
* ball & socket * hinge * gliding * pivot * saddle * condyloid
75
Label the heart
76
Label the heart
77
Label the heart
78
What is the role of the nasal cavity in respiration?
* warms the air * dust/particles removed by short thick hairs
79
What is the function of the trachea in respiration?
* cillia remove particles
80
What is the function of the alveoli in respiration?
* large surface area for gaseous exchange
81
What is the role of the capillaries in respiration?
* thin walls (1 cell thick) for gaseous exchange
82
What are the main roles of the lymph? (3)
* picks up toxins and waste and carries it to the lymph nodes * WBC in nodes destroy pathogens * returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood * defence * absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins transports nutrients to the cells, communication and the removal of metabolic waste
83
What is lymph made up of?
Lymph is made up of: * proteins * salts * glucose * fats * water (90%) * white blood cells
84
What are the areas of the body where lymph nodes tend to cluster?
* neck * underarms * groin
85
All areas of the body have lymph capillaries except...?
All areas of the body have lymph capillaries except the: * bone marrow * central nervous system * tissues such as the epidermis that lack blood vessels
86
What are the two sections that the nervous system is divided up into?
* central nervous system * peripheral nervous system
87
Which is usually the smallest type of neuron?
The **interneurons** are usually much smaller than the sensory and motor neurons.
88
What does the cell body of the neuron do?
The cell body **produces protein**.
89
What does the nucleus in the neuron do?
The nucleus **controls the cell**.
90
What do the dendrons of a neuron do?
A dendron **carries the signal**.
91
What do the dendrites of neurons do?
Dendrites **receive signals from adjacent cells**.
92
What does the axon of a nerve cell do?
The axon **transmits the nerve impulse**.
93
What does the Schwann cells of neurones do?
Schwann cells provide **myelination**.
94
What does the myelin sheath of neurons do?
The myelin sheath is an **insulating** electrical layer.
95
What do the nodes of Ranvier of neurons do?
The nodes of Ranvier are **periodic gaps** along the axon that facilitate **rapid conduction**.
96
What does the axon terminal of the neuron do?
The axon terminal **passes** the nerve impulse to **other cells**.
97
Label the skin
1. sebaceous gland 2. hair shaft 3. epidermis 4. dermis 5. subcutaneous layer 6. nerve 7. sweat gland
98
What is the function of the sebaceous gland?
The sebaceous gland **produces sebum**.
99
What is the function of the epidermis?
The epidermis is the outer layer for **protection**.
100
What is the function of the subcutaneous layer?
The subcutaneous layer is structural, it regulates temperature & insulates.
101
What is the function of the hair shaft?
The hair shaft is useful for **temperature regulation**.
102
What is the function of the sweat gland?
The sweat gland is used for temperature regulation and protection.
103
What is the function of the dermis?
The dermis regulates temperature and supplies nutrient-rich blood.
104
What is the function of the nerve (in skin)?
The nerve is responsible for sensory information.
105
Which organs/glands secrete hormones?
* pineal gland * hypothalamus * pituitary gland * thyroid * parathyroid * thymus * adrenal glands * pancreas * ovaries * testes
106
What are examples of homeostasis?
* water concentration * temperature * blood glucose concentration
107
What is the negative feedback loop?
1. conditions change from set point 2. change is detected 3. corrective mechanism switched on 4. conditions return to set point 5. corrective mechanisms switched off
108
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. These need to be **regulated despite changes in the environment, diet, or level of activity**. Each of these variables is controlled by one or more regulators or homeostatic mechanisms, which together maintain life.
109
Where is adrenaline secreted from?
Adrenaline is secreted from the **adrenal medulla**.
110
What is the role of adrenaline?
Adrenaline prepares the body for '**fight or flight**'.
111
What is adrenalines target organs?
Adrenaline targets the **vital organs**.
112
Where is oestrogen secreted from?
Oestrogen is secreted from the **ovaries**.
113
What are the target organs for oestrogen?
Oestrogen targets the ovaries, uterus and pituitary gland.
114
What is the role of oestrogen?
* controld puberty and the menstrual cycle in females * stimulates production of LH and suppresses production of FSH in the pituitary
115
Where is progesterone secreted from?
The **ovaries** secrete progesterone.
116
What is the target organ of progesterone?
Progesterone targets the **uterus**.
117
What is the role of progesterone?
* maintains womb lining * suppresses FSH production in the pituitary
118
Where is follicle stimulating hormone produced?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced in the pituitary gland.
119
What is the target organ of FSH?
FSH targets the **ovaries**.
120
What is the role of FSH?
FSH triggers egg ripening and oestrogen production in the ovaries.
121
Where is luteinising hormone (LH) produced?
LH is produced in the **pituitary gland**.
122
What is the target organ of LH?
LH targets the **ovaries**.
123
What is the role of LH?
LH triggers egg release and progesterone production in the ovaries.
124
Which hormones are produced by the ovaries?
**Oestrogen** and **progesterone** are produced by the ovaries.
125
Which hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?
**luiteinising hormone** and **follicle stimulating hormone** are produced by the pituitary gland.
126
Which hormone do the testes produce?
**Testosterone** is produced by the testes.
127
What is the target organ of testosterone?
The male reproductive organs are the target of testosterone.
128
What is the role of testosterone?
Testosterone **controls puberty** in males.
129
Where is cortisol secreted from?
Cortisol is secreted from the **adrenal cortex**.
130
What is the role of cortisol?
Cortisol is a **steroid** hormone, it is released in response to **stress** and **low blood-glucose concentration**. It functions to increase blood sugar through **gluconeogenesis**, to **suppress the immune system**, and to aid in the **metabolism** of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. It also **decreases bone formation**.
131
What does cortisol act on?
Cortisol acts on liver, fat. muscle etc.
132
What happens in the event of high blood pressure?
1. **sensors** in the kidney will detect levels of **salts and pressure** in the blood stream 2. **renin** production in the kidney is **suppressed** 3. the kidneys **reduce the reabsorption of water** into the blood and produce watery, **dilute urine**.
133
What happens in the event of low blood pressure?
1. **sensors** in the kidney will detect levels of **salts and pressure** 2. in the event of low blood pressure, the enzyme **renin is produced** 3. renin causes the formation of **angiotensin II** 4. angiotensin II causes blood vessels to **contract** 5. **concentrated urine** is produced which allow more water to remain in the blood
134
Label the diagram
135
Label the diagram
136
Label the diagram
137
What is the function of the ovaries?
The ovaries are a ductless gland that produces **eggs** and the hormones **oestrogen and progesterone**.
138
What is the function of the uterus?
The womb is a hollow muscular organism for the **development of eggs**.
139
What is the function of the placenta?
* mum and baby have a separate blood supply * nourishes the baby * removes baby's waste * oxygenates baby

!Pharmacy Tech year 1 (22 decks)

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