312: Eye, ear, nose and dermatological medicines Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 312: Eye, ear, nose and dermatological medicines Deck (24)
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1
Q

What causes glaucoma?

A

Glaucoma is caused by the optic nerve becoming damaged to the point where it leaves the eye. It is usually caused by fluid building up in the front part of the eye, which increases pressure inside the eye.

2
Q

What is the watery fluid in the eye called?

A

The aqueous humour is the watery fluid in the eye.

3
Q

What are the tiny drainage channels in the eye called?

A

The trabecular meshwork are the tiny drainage channels in the eye.

4
Q

If there is a problem with the fluid draining out of the eye what will happen?

A

If there is a problem with the fluid draining out of the eye then the pressure in the eye will increase.

5
Q

What symptoms might someone with glaucoma experience?

A

Someone with glaucoma will probably not experience symptoms, or may have their peripheral vision affected.

If they do experience symptoms these could be:

  • intense eye pain
  • nausea and vomiting
  • red eye
  • headache
  • tenderness around eyes
  • seeing rings around light
  • blurred vision
6
Q

What is the most common type of glaucoma?

A

Chronic, or primary open angle glaucoma is the most common.

7
Q

What is the cause of chronic (primary open angle) glaucoma?

A

Chronic glaucoma occurs when the aqueous humour can get to the drainage channels, but they slowly become blocked over time.

8
Q

What is acute glaucoma?

A

Acute glaucoma occurs when there is a sudden complete blockage of the flow of aqueous humour of the eye.

The fluid is prevented from getting to the channels.

9
Q

What is secondary glaucoma?

A

Secondary glaucoma occurs as a result of another condition.

10
Q

What is congenital glaucoma?

A

Congenital, or childhood glaucoma is a result of a rare congenital condition which causes a malformation of the eye.

11
Q

What are risk factors for glaucoma?

A
  • getting older
    • most common in 70s-80s
  • race
    • African/Caribbean/Asian origin
  • family
    • close relative has had it (parent/sibling)
  • short-sightedness
12
Q

How is glaucoma usually detected?

A

Glaucoma is usually detected through a routine eye test.

13
Q

Which drug(s) are examples of miotics used to treat glaucoma?

A

Prilocarpine is a miotic.

14
Q

Which drug(s) are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used to treat glaucoma?

A
  • acetazolamide
  • brinzolamide
  • dorzolamide
15
Q

Which drug(s) are examples of beta-blockers used for glaucoma?

A
  • betaxolol hydrochloride
  • carteolol hydrochloride
  • levobunolol hydrochloride
  • metipranolol
  • timolol maleate
16
Q

Which drug(s) are examples of prostaglandin analogues used to treat glaucoma?

A
  • bimatoprost
  • latanoprost
  • travoprost
17
Q

What is dry eyes?

A

Dry eyes is chronic soreness of the eyes associated with reduced or abnormal tear secretion.

18
Q

What is dry eyes syndrome also known as?

A

Dry eyes syndrome is also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

19
Q

What is the purpose of tears in the eye?

A

Tears stop the eye from drying out and also protect the eye from infection.

20
Q

What are symptoms of dry eye syndrome?

A
  • irritation in the eye
    • sore
    • gritty
    • red
  • short-term blurred vision
  • sensitive to bright lights
  • burning or itching in the eye
  • more watery than normal
21
Q

What are risk factors for dry eye syndrome?

A
  • age
    • 50+
  • medication
    • diuretics
    • antihistamines
    • contraceptive pill
    • antidepressants
    • blood pressure medications
  • medical conditions
    • rheumatoid arthritis
    • blepharitis
    • sjorgrens syndrome
    • lupus
  • eye damage
    • injury or surgery
  • looking at computer screens for too long
  • wearing contacts
  • spending a long time in air-conditioned or heated environments
  • windy, cold, dusty, dry environments
22
Q

What are treatments of dry eye syndrome?

A
  • artificial tears - lubrication
  • eye ointment - soothes & lubricates
  • get plenty of sleep
  • use a humidifier
  • wear glasses (not contacts)
  • don’t smoke or drink too much
23
Q

What is the ‘traditional’ choice of treatment for dry eye syndrome?

A

Hypromellose

24
Q
A