306 CAHMS and neurodiversity

Question 1

What is meant by temperament?

Answer 1

The behavioural style which determines how people react to situations, and expresses and regulates emotions

Question 2

What is ADHD?

Answer 2

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A neurodevelopmental condition or difference

Symptoms:
Impaired attention
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity

Question 3

What is the treatment for ADHD?

Answer 3

-psychoeducation
-Social and behavioural interventions at home and school
-CBT for adolescents

Medication:
1st line- methylphenidate (Ritalin) (e.g. concerta, medikinet)
2nd line – examfetamine/lisdexamfetamine
3rd line – atomoxetine (nonstimulant)

Manages the symptoms not the person

Question 4

What are some co-morbid disorders of ADHD?

Answer 4

Mood disorders
Disruptive Behaviour Disorders
Conduct Disorders
Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Anxiety Disorder
Tics
Developmental Coordination Disorder
Specific learning difficulties

Question 5

How does Ritalin (methylphenidate) work?

Answer 5

It stimulates noradrenaline levels in the brain so that it’s easier to control

Lasts 4-16 hours so if perfect for school

Question 6

What are the Erikson stages?

Answer 6

Stages of psychosocial development

<2 years: Trust vs. Mistrust
2-4 yrs: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
5-8yrs: Initiative vs. Guilt
9-12: Industry vs. Inferiority
13-19 yrs: Identity vs. Confusion
20-39yrs: Intimacy vs. Isolation
40-59 yrs: Generativity vs. Stagnation
>60 yrs: Integrity vs. Despair

Question 7

What is foetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 7

Related to alcohol consumption during pregnancy

Causes physical, behavioural and learning difficulties

Question 8

What are adverse childhood experiences (ACE’s)?

Answer 8

Experiences that increase your chances of developing certain diseases

Question 9

What is ARFID?

Answer 9

Avoidant restrictive food intake disorders

ie. Fussing eating

Question 10

What is Enuresis?

Answer 10

Wetting the bed when it’s no socially acceptable

Question 11

What is encopresis?

Answer 11

Soiling yourself

May have small amounts of faces on underwear

Question 12

What is Tourette’s syndrome?

Answer 12

A neurological condition that causes you to make involuntary movements and sounds

Question 13

What is a tic disorder?

Answer 13

Sudden twitches, movements, or sounds that people do repeatedly with no control over it

Question 14

What is the difference between Tourette’s syndrome and a tic disorder?

Answer 14

Tics are defined as sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movements or vocalization, generally preceded by urge

Tourette’s syndrome is defined as the presence of both motor and phonic tics for more than 1 year in patients with onset less than 18 years old

Question 15

What is meant by social contagion of tic disorders?

Answer 15

The idea that more people are developing tic disorders because they are seeing it online

Question 16

Which antidepressants are licenced for CAHMS?

Answer 16

Sertraline and Fluoxetine (1st line)

Question 17

What is Cognitive analytical behaviour therapy (CAT)?

Answer 17

A talking therapy that mainly focuses on relationship patterns

Question 18

What is dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)?

Answer 18

A type of talking therapy based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), but it’s specially adapted for people who feel emotions very intensely

Question 19

What is systemic family therapy (SFT)?

Answer 19

The aim is to help family members understand each other’s experiences and views, appreciate each other’s needs, build on family strengths and make useful changes in their relationships and their lives

Question 20

Why are girls harder to diagnose with autism?

Answer 20

Because they’re smarter and compensate for their difficulties

Anxiety and emotional difficulties show when they can no longer compensate

Question 21

What is the treatment for autism?

Answer 21

No treatment because it’s a neurodiversity not a problem

Question 22

What is Di George syndrome?

Answer 22

Caused y a deletion in chromosome 22 - 22q11. 2

Results in the poor development of several body systems

Common as a co-morbidity of schizophrenia that’s treatment resistant

Question 23

When does dementia occur in Down syndrome?

Answer 23

Age 40-45

Affected by the APO gene

Question 24

What is meant by sundowning in dementia?

Answer 24

Restlessness, agitation, irritability, or confusion that can begin or worsen as daylight begins to fade

Observed in late stage Alzheimer’s