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AQA A-Level Physical Geography > 🏖️3.1.3.4 - Coastal Management > Flashcards

🏖️3.1.3.4 - Coastal Management Flashcards

1
Q

How many people lived within the coastal zone in 1999?

A

16.9 million

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2
Q

How much of UK manufacturing lies close to the coast?

A

40%

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3
Q

How much of coastal land is built on?

A

30%

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4
Q

What are the reasons for coastal management?

A

Coastal Erosion
Coastal Flooding
Failure of previous defences

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5
Q

What is hold the line?

A

Maintain current defences

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6
Q

What is advance the line?

A

Build new defences seaward of existing line

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7
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

Allow the coastline to retreat due to flooding and erosion but closely manage the rate and location of the retreat

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8
Q

What is ‘do nothing’?

A

Low value areas left to natural coastal processes as not deemed viable to spend on defences

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9
Q

What are the social factors taken into account?

A

Number of residents
Use of the land
Who is impacted if it is damaged
Effect of downdrift land

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10
Q

What are the economic factors taken into account?

A

Value of land
Coast of defences
Cost of maintenance
Value of business and connections in the area

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11
Q

What are the environmental factors taken into account?

A

Impact on surrounding land
Current state of the coast
Habitats and environment concerned
Unique landforms

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12
Q

What are the political factors taken into account?

A

What are the alternatives?
Objections/opinions
Likelihood of success
Taking into account opinions of stakeholder

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13
Q

What is tangible cost benefit analysis?

A

When costs and benefits are known and can be given as a value

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14
Q

What is intangible cost benefit analysis?

A

Where costs may be difficult to assess but are important (eg visual impact)

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15
Q

What are the steps in cost benefit analysis?

A 
Where is the issue?
What are causes and effects?
Who is affected?
What should be done?
Is solution technically viable and environmentally acceptable?
What is cost benefit?
etc.
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16
Q

What are sea walls?

A

Concrete or stone walls at the foot of a cliff, or at the top of a beach. Usually have a curved face to reflect waves back to sea

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17
Q

What are the advantages of sea walls?

A

Protects high value land

Can prevent flooding

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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of sea walls?

A

Eyesore to the locals and tourists
Expensive to build and maintain
Produce strong backwash, undercutting it

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19
Q

What are groynes?

A

Timber or rock structures built at right angles to coast. Trap sediment being moved along the coast by longshore drift, building up beach

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20
Q

What are the advantages of groynes?

A

Very effective for building beach
Prevents sediment moving by LSD
Allows a natural defence to build up

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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of groynes?

A

Remove a lot of sediment from downdrift

Other beaches left vulnerable to erosion

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22
Q

What are gabions?

A

Bundles of rock in mesh cages at base of cliff to reduce impact of waves and prevent cliffs being undercut

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23
Q

What are the advantages of gabions?

A

Cheap to build and maintain
Difficult to erode

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24
Q

What are the disadvantages of gabions?

A

Not very effective
Unsightly, unnatural appearance
Ongoing maintenance required

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25
Q

What are revetments?

A

Sloping wooden, concrete or rock structures placed at the front of a beach. Break up the waves energy

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26
Q

What are the advantages of revetments?

A

Effective in reducing erosion
Little maintenance once built

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27
Q

What are the disadvantages of revetments?

A

Expensive to build

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28
Q

What are barrages eg. the Thames Barrier?

A

Big, retractable walls built across estuaries that can be used as floodgates to prevent storm surges

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29
Q

What are the advantages of barrages?

A

Very effective
Prevent flooding
Can be used to generate energy for commercial use

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30
Q

What are the disadvantages of barrages?

A

Very expensive
Can alter habitats and ecosystems

31
Q

What are offshore reefs?

A

A partly submerged rock barrier, designed to break up waves before they reach the coast

32
Q

What are the advantages of offshore reefs?

A

Effective at reducing wave energy

33
Q

What are the disadvantages of offshore reefs?

A

Can be easily destroyed by a storm
Don’t look very nice
Contaminate local water supplies

34
Q

What is beach nourishment?

A

The addition of sand or pebbles to an existing beach to make it higher or wider. Sediment usually dredged from nearby seabed

35
Q

What are the advantages of beach nourishment?

A

Structures behind beach are protected from erosion
Effects of erosion lessened
Looks natural
Tourist friendly areas

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment?

A

Can kill other wildlife
Very expensive
Has to be repeated and maintained

37
Q

What is dune regeneration?

A

Marram grasses are planted to stabilise dunes and more sediment is added to build the dunes up again

38
Q

What are the advantages of dune regeneration?

A

Provides a barrier between lands and sea, wave energy absorbed
Stabilisation is cheap
Creates habitats

39
Q

What are the disadvantages of dune regeneration?

A

Limited to small areas
Very expensive

40
Q

What are the advantages of managed retreat?

A

Reduces flooding of land
Fairly cheap
Little maintenance
Creates beaches and salt marshes

41
Q

What are the disadvantages of managed retreat?

A

Political disagreements over land
Can lead to habitats being destroyed
Compensation for farming

42
Q

What is land use management/zoning?

A

The process of dividing the coastal area into zones for particular use, to reduce coastal vulnerability

43
Q

What is SMP?

A

Shoreline Management Plans

44
Q

What is ICZM?

A

Integrated Coastal Zone Management

45
Q

What is the UK coastline divided into?

A

22 Shoreline management plans due to limited budget

46
Q

What are the aims of SMPs?

A

Promote long term management
Assess risk associated with coastal evolution
Address risks in a sustainable way
Ensure management plans comply with nature conservation
Provide policy for coastal management

47
Q

What are the aims of ICZMs?

A

To focus on the fact that coastal zones are some of the most economically valuable yet ecologically sensitive places
Aims to work with stakeholders
Optimal balance between environmental protection and development of economic and social sectors

48
Q

What are the stakeholder groups involved in ICZMs?

A

Coastal residents
Local council
Tourism Businesses
Fishermen
Universities/NGOs

49
Q

Why are coastal residents stakeholders?

A

They live and work in the area and it may involve them and their land

50
Q

Why are local councils stakeholders?

A

They may be funding part of the project or it may occur on their land

51
Q

Why are tourism businesses stakeholders?

A

Much of local income may come from tourism so businesses would be affected

52
Q

Why are fishermen stakeholders?

A

Those involved in aquaculture may be involved because it is the land they work on

53
Q

Why are universities/NGOs stakeholders?

A

Are those which may provide information or important decisions

54
Q

2 Main Aims of Management Strategies

A

Defend and mitigate against impacts of flooding
Protect and mitigate against impacts of erosion

55
Q

Advance the Line

A

Build defences seaward of existing line

56
Q

Managed Realignment / Retreat the Line

A

Allow retreat but closely manage its rate and location

57
Q

Do Nothing

A

Low value land left to natural processes

58
Q

For a management strategy to pass a CBA, how much does £1 spent have to protect?

A

£7

59
Q

Sea Wall Disadvantages

A

Reflects energy, doesn’t absorb it
Unnatural looking
Expensive to build and maintain- gaps exploited by hydraulic action

60
Q

Rip Rap / Rock Armour Advantages

A

Absorbs large amounts of energy

61
Q

Rip Rap / Rock Armour Disadvantages

A

Not always same lithology as surrounding area- unnatural

62
Q

Cliff Fixing

A

Iron bars in cliff face
Stabilises it
Absorbs wave energy

63
Q

Cliff Fixing Advantages

A

Prevents mass movement
Hidden structure, natural appearance

64
Q

Cliff Fixing Disadvantages

A

Cliff still eroded overtime

65
Q

Overall conclusions about Hard Engineering

A

Long lasting and effective over planned lifespan
Expensive to build and maintain
Impact other coastal areas
Eyesore, spoils landscape and habitats

66
Q

Land Use Management Disadvantages

A

Potential loss of tourism

67
Q

Do Nothing Advantages

A

Natural
Fairly cheap
Sediment moves downwind, benefits other areas

68
Q

Do Nothing Disadvantages

A

Compensation
Habitat loss

69
Q

Overall conclusions for Soft Engineering

A

Works with the environment
More sustainable
Arguably less effective

70
Q

Shoreline Management Key Points

A

22 in UK, roughly align with cells
Long term management
Live documents- reviewed and updated
Research for future strategy development
Policy and agenda for coastal defence management

71
Q

Integrated Coastal Zone Management Key Points

A

Can adapt to change- closely monitored
CBA- economically viable
Constant information collection- continually improved
‘Live’ sheets, improvements logged for future reference

72
Q

Cycle for Integrated Coastal Zone Management

A

Planning (CBA)
Decision Making (stakeholders consulted)
Manage, Monitor, Implement
Information Collection (improve)

73
Q

When was Integrated Coastal Zone Management created?

A

1982 Earth Summit

74
Q

Main focus of Integrated Coastal Zone Management

A

Community involvement

AQA A-Level Physical Geography (28 decks)

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