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AQA A-Level Physical Geography > 🏖️3.1.3.4 - Coastal Management > Flashcards

🏖️3.1.3.4 - Coastal Management Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

How many people lived within the coastal zone in 1999?

A

16.9 million

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2
Q

How much of UK manufacturing lies close to the coast?

A

40%

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3
Q

How much of coastal land is built on?

A

30%

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4
Q

What are the reasons for coastal management?

A

Coastal Erosion
Coastal Flooding
Failure of previous defences

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5
Q

What is hold the line?

A

Maintain current defences

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6
Q

What is advance the line?

A

Build new defences seaward of existing line

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7
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

Allow the coastline to retreat due to flooding and erosion but closely manage the rate and location of the retreat

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8
Q

What is ‘do nothing’?

A

Low value areas left to natural coastal processes as not deemed viable to spend on defences

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9
Q

What are the social factors taken into account?

A

Number of residents
Use of the land
Who is impacted if it is damaged
Effect of downdrift land

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10
Q

What are the economic factors taken into account?

A

Value of land
Coast of defences
Cost of maintenance
Value of business and connections in the area

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11
Q

What are the environmental factors taken into account?

A

Impact on surrounding land
Current state of the coast
Habitats and environment concerned
Unique landforms

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12
Q

What are the political factors taken into account?

A

What are the alternatives?
Objections/opinions
Likelihood of success
Taking into account opinions of stakeholder

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13
Q

What is tangible cost benefit analysis?

A

When costs and benefits are known and can be given as a value

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14
Q

What is intangible cost benefit analysis?

A

Where costs may be difficult to assess but are important (eg visual impact)

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15
Q

What are the steps in cost benefit analysis?

A 
Where is the issue?
What are causes and effects?
Who is affected?
What should be done?
Is solution technically viable and environmentally acceptable?
What is cost benefit?
etc.
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16
Q

What are sea walls?

A

Concrete or stone walls at the foot of a cliff, or at the top of a beach. Usually have a curved face to reflect waves back to sea

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17
Q

What are the advantages of sea walls?

A

Protects high value land

Can prevent flooding

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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of sea walls?

A

Eyesore to the locals and tourists
Expensive to build and maintain
Produce strong backwash, undercutting it

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19
Q

What are groynes?

A

Timber or rock structures built at right angles to coast. Trap sediment being moved along the coast by longshore drift, building up beach

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20
Q

What are the advantages of groynes?

A

Very effective for building beach
Prevents sediment moving by LSD
Allows a natural defence to build up

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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of groynes?

A

Remove a lot of sediment from downdrift

Other beaches left vulnerable to erosion

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22
Q

What are gabions?

A

Bundles of rock in mesh cages at base of cliff to reduce impact of waves and prevent cliffs being undercut

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23
Q

What are the advantages of gabions?

A

Cheap to build and maintain
Difficult to erode

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24
Q

What are the disadvantages of gabions?

A

Not very effective
Unsightly, unnatural appearance
Ongoing maintenance required

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25
What are revetments?
Sloping wooden, concrete or rock structures placed at the front of a beach. Break up the waves energy
26
What are the advantages of revetments?
Effective in reducing erosion Little maintenance once built
27
What are the disadvantages of revetments?
Expensive to build
28
What are barrages eg. the Thames Barrier?
Big, retractable walls built across estuaries that can be used as floodgates to prevent storm surges
29
What are the advantages of barrages?
Very effective Prevent flooding Can be used to generate energy for commercial use
30
What are the disadvantages of barrages?
Very expensive Can alter habitats and ecosystems
31
What are offshore reefs?
A partly submerged rock barrier, designed to break up waves before they reach the coast
32
What are the advantages of offshore reefs?
Effective at reducing wave energy
33
What are the disadvantages of offshore reefs?
Can be easily destroyed by a storm Don't look very nice Contaminate local water supplies
34
What is beach nourishment?
The addition of sand or pebbles to an existing beach to make it higher or wider. Sediment usually dredged from nearby seabed
35
What are the advantages of beach nourishment?
Structures behind beach are protected from erosion Effects of erosion lessened Looks natural Tourist friendly areas
36
What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment?
Can kill other wildlife Very expensive Has to be repeated and maintained
37
What is dune regeneration?
Marram grasses are planted to stabilise dunes and more sediment is added to build the dunes up again
38
What are the advantages of dune regeneration?
Provides a barrier between lands and sea, wave energy absorbed Stabilisation is cheap Creates habitats
39
What are the disadvantages of dune regeneration?
Limited to small areas Very expensive
40
What are the advantages of managed retreat?
Reduces flooding of land Fairly cheap Little maintenance Creates beaches and salt marshes
41
What are the disadvantages of managed retreat?
Political disagreements over land Can lead to habitats being destroyed Compensation for farming
42
What is land use management/zoning?
The process of dividing the coastal area into zones for particular use, to reduce coastal vulnerability
43
What is SMP?
Shoreline Management Plans
44
What is ICZM?
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
45
What is the UK coastline divided into?
22 Shoreline management plans due to limited budget
46
What are the aims of SMPs?
Promote long term management Assess risk associated with coastal evolution Address risks in a sustainable way Ensure management plans comply with nature conservation Provide policy for coastal management
47
What are the aims of ICZMs?
To focus on the fact that coastal zones are some of the most economically valuable yet ecologically sensitive places Aims to work with stakeholders Optimal balance between environmental protection and development of economic and social sectors
48
What are the stakeholder groups involved in ICZMs?
Coastal residents Local council Tourism Businesses Fishermen Universities/NGOs
49
Why are coastal residents stakeholders?
They live and work in the area and it may involve them and their land
50
Why are local councils stakeholders?
They may be funding part of the project or it may occur on their land
51
Why are tourism businesses stakeholders?
Much of local income may come from tourism so businesses would be affected
52
Why are fishermen stakeholders?
Those involved in aquaculture may be involved because it is the land they work on
53
Why are universities/NGOs stakeholders?
Are those which may provide information or important decisions
54
2 Main Aims of Management Strategies
Defend and mitigate against impacts of flooding Protect and mitigate against impacts of erosion
55
Advance the Line
Build defences seaward of existing line
56
Managed Realignment / Retreat the Line
Allow retreat but closely manage its rate and location
57
Do Nothing
Low value land left to natural processes
58
For a management strategy to pass a CBA, how much does £1 spent have to protect?
£7
59
Sea Wall Disadvantages
Reflects energy, doesn’t absorb it Unnatural looking Expensive to build and maintain- gaps exploited by hydraulic action
60
Rip Rap / Rock Armour Advantages
Absorbs large amounts of energy
61
Rip Rap / Rock Armour Disadvantages
Not always same lithology as surrounding area- unnatural
62
Cliff Fixing
Iron bars in cliff face Stabilises it Absorbs wave energy
63
Cliff Fixing Advantages
Prevents mass movement Hidden structure, natural appearance
64
Cliff Fixing Disadvantages
Cliff still eroded overtime
65
Overall conclusions about Hard Engineering
Long lasting and effective over planned lifespan Expensive to build and maintain Impact other coastal areas Eyesore, spoils landscape and habitats
66
Land Use Management Disadvantages
Potential loss of tourism
67
Do Nothing Advantages
Natural Fairly cheap Sediment moves downwind, benefits other areas
68
Do Nothing Disadvantages
Compensation Habitat loss
69
Overall conclusions for Soft Engineering
Works with the environment More sustainable Arguably less effective
70
Shoreline Management Key Points
22 in UK, roughly align with cells Long term management Live documents- reviewed and updated Research for future strategy development Policy and agenda for coastal defence management
71
Integrated Coastal Zone Management Key Points
Can adapt to change- closely monitored CBA- economically viable Constant information collection- continually improved ‘Live’ sheets, improvements logged for future reference
72
Cycle for Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Planning (CBA) Decision Making (stakeholders consulted) Manage, Monitor, Implement Information Collection (improve)
73
When was Integrated Coastal Zone Management created?
1982 Earth Summit
74
Main focus of Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Community involvement

AQA A-Level Physical Geography (28 decks)

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