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AQA A-Level Physical Geography > 🌋Case Study - Hurricane Sandy 2012 > Flashcards

🌋Case Study - Hurricane Sandy 2012 Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

When did Hurricane Sandy occur?

A

October 2012

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2
Q

Where did the hurricane originate?

A

South of Kingston, Jamaica

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3
Q

When did the eye begin developing?

A

October 24th

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4
Q

Where was Sandy updated to hurricane status?

A

65 miles south of Kingston

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5
Q

What was the diameter of the storm?

A

1100 miles, much larger than other tropical storms

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6
Q

Why did the hurricane change track?

A

Due to cool air in the North and the jet stream to the West, pushing it across New York

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7
Q

When did Sandy hit the US coast?

A

October 30th

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8
Q

Why did Sandy have such a significant impact on the US?

A

Everyone was largely unprepared because of the late notice of change of track

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9
Q

How many people were killed?

A

111, 41 in NY alone

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10
Q

How many were without power in New Jersey?

A

1 million

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11
Q

How many people were without power in New York?

A

750,000

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12
Q

How many people were without power in Ontario?

A

145,000

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13
Q

How many major New York airports were closed?

A

3, including JFK

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14
Q

How much did the damage cost?

A

$63 million

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15
Q

How was the NY stock exchange affected?

A

It was closed

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16
Q

How was the economy affected?

A

Banks, shops, financial institutions closed and 2nd largest oil refinery

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17
Q

How bad was the rainfall in the area?

A

It was the worst rainfall in a century

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18
Q

How was the coastline affected?

A

1600km of coast was impacted by a 6-7m storm surge

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19
Q

How many fires broke out across New York?

A

23

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20
Q

How were US politics affected?

A

The presidential election was interupted

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21
Q

What was rationed?

A

Fuel, and number plate recognition was brought in

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22
Q

How much money was spent by the Red Cross over a 3 year period?

A

$313 million

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23
Q

What did Direct Relief provide?

A

89 emergency deliveries of medicine & supplies to 35 health centres in NY and NJ

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24
Q

What did the Red Cross do?

A

Opened shelters to provide safe places to stay before, during and after the storm

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25
How many storm damaged homes are being repaired?
757+, 158 already completed
26
How many households in NY and NJ received FEMA payments?
179,000
27
How much did the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act provide to help rebuild?
$50 million
28
How many people in Manhattan were advised to evacuate due to a potential storm surge?
350,000
29
How many flights were cancelled in view of strong winds?
12,000
30
How did shops around New York respond?
By boarding up shops, including on 5th Avenue, to protect them from high winds and debris
31
Why were Sandy's effects so intense?
There had been no long term preparation and the area is not used to storm of such intensity, or even at all.
32
How did Sandy affect countries other than the US?
. Haiti was still recovering from the 2010 earthquake when it was hit . Cuba refused foreign aid or NGOs . There was no national government shelter strategy in the Dominican Republic . Sandy had catastrophic effect.
33
What did the NYC Mayor release on June 11, 2013?
A report called 'A Stronger, More Resilient New York', addressing coastal protection, insurance, utilities and community preparedness
34
Location: When did Sandy begin as a tropical depression?
22nd October
35
Location: What path did Sandy take?
Northwards- Haiti and Cuba Moved along the East Coast of America before turning west to strike New York
36
Cause: What 2 factors caused the hurricane?
Low wind shear Warmer than usual waters
37
Cause: When did Sandy develop an eye and become upgraded to hurricane status?
24th October
38
Cause: Why did the storm turn west at the end?
High pressure in Greenland, cold air Jetstream Caused storm to be pushed over warmer waters
39
Cause: Why was their significantly more chance of storm surge?
Due to a full moon in the area at the time
40
P.E.: How many died in New York?
41, 1 woman from falling debris
41
P.E.: Which city’s famous boardwalk was shattered?
Atlantic City
42
P.E.: What happened at one of the construction sites in NYC?
A crane collapsed
43
P.E.: Which transport system was flooded?
Subway
44
P.E.: How many gallons of diesel leaked?
336,000 gallons
45
P.E.: What happened to many commuters?
They were stranded
46
S.E.: Where was a levee overtopped by storm surge?
Along Hackensack River
47
S.E.: How many towns were submerged with 1.5m of water from the overtopped levee?
3
48
S.E.: How many were without power across the East Coast?
8.1 million
49
S.E.: How many petrol stations had fuel to sell?
25%
50
S.E.: When did a snowstorm hit New York? How many people had to be rehoused?
7th November 40,000
51
S.E.: How high were the wind speeds that damaged trees?
144km/h
52
S.E. USA: How many homes were destroyed by fires in the Borough of Queens?
80 homes
53
S.E.: How many days did New York’s stock exchange close for?
2 days, losing millions of $ in revenue
54
S.E.: Where were ambulances and fire services moved?
Inland
55
I.R.: Why were many evacuated?
Because of authority suggestions to reduce the numbers of dead and injured
56
I.R.: How many were temporarily rehoused into hotel rooms and empty apartments?
40,000
57
I.R.: Why did crime levels flourish?
Because of a lack of power
58
I.R.: How many health centres did Direct Relief deliver to across the states impacted?
35
59
I.R.: Which company helped to deliver Direct Relief’s medicine?
FedEx
60
I.R.: What 2 things did runners from the cancelled New York marathon do?
Impromptu fundraising Deliver rations
61
I.R.: Why were flights cancelled?
Due to strong wind speeds
62
I.R.: When did NYC’s 3 main airports reopen?
3rd November
63
I.R.: How many gallons of water did the US Army pump out of the subway in 9 days?
475 million gallons
64
I.R.: What % of Manhattan’s workforce rely on the subway?
70%
65
L.R.: How much did Direct Relief give in grants non-profit health organisations?
$2 million- helped to rebuild the regional health network
66
L.R.: How many homes has NYC’s Build It Back Program rebuilt? How many are currently in the process of being rebuilt?
158 homes rebuilt 757 in progress Very poor response in 6 years considering 14,000 homes applied
67
L.R.: How many homes had mould within 6 months?
2/3
68
L.R.: How much has been paid out under the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act?
$11 million
69
L.R.: How much is still to be paid out under the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act?
$8 million, leaving thousands waiting
70
L.R.: How much have hazard mitigation grants totalled in New York and New Jersey?
$822 million
71
L.R.: How many meals and snacks did the Red Cross deliver?
17.5 million
72
L.R.: How many people, mainly volunteers, helped the Red Cross?
17,000
73
L.R.: Why were the Red Cross criticised?
Too focussed on publicity i.e. Emergency response vehicles in backdrop of press reports rather than delivering food to destinations
74
When the USA made landfall what was the status of Sandy?
It had been downgraded to a tropical storm but covered a huge area
75
Why did Sandy hit the USA?
It unusually curved back towards the USA because of blocking high pressure over Greenland which prevented movement over the Atlantic
76
How many homes were damaged or destroyed?
600,000 homes
77
How many were evacuated?
1 million
78
What happened to the subway?
It flooded
79
What city tourist destination was destroyed?
Boardwalk in Atlantic city
80
How many homes were lost to fires and why?
Flooding hampered firefighting and 80 homes were lost due to gas fires where firefighters could not reach the area
81
What did fuel shortages lead to?
Long queues at petrol stations
82
What happened to New York’s airports and how many where there?
All 3 of New York’s airports were immediately closed. Leaving thousands stranded in New York and all over the world
83
How many needed to be rehoused due to snow?
40,000
84
What had to be cancelled?
New York marathon
85
What had to be closed and for how long?
Stock exchange closed for 2 days for the first time since 9/11
86
What was destroyed and what did this restrict?
East coast oil refinery was destroyed restricting USA oil production
87
What was the financial loss from the closure of New York businesses?
$18 billion
88
Political effect
Both Barack Obama and Mitt Romney had to stop election campaigns for 3 days because of the disaster

AQA A-Level Physical Geography (28 decks)

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