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AQA A-Level Physical Geography > 🌧️Case Study - Pickering Beck > Flashcards

🌧️Case Study - Pickering Beck Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pickering Beck?

A

A river in North Yorkshire

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2
Q

How far does the beck run for?

A

29km (18 miles)

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3
Q

Which National Park is the beck located in?

A

The North York Moors

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4
Q

Why is the river prone to flooding?

A

Due to the steep sided valley that the water runs off into the beck

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5
Q

Which government scheme was piloted in the town?

A

‘Slowing the Flow’

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6
Q

When does the beck flood in particular?

A

In the summer, flash flooding

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7
Q

How many times was the town flooded between 1999 and 2007?

A

4

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8
Q

How much did the 2007 flood cost in damage?

A

£7 million

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9
Q

How can rainfall increase chance of flooding?

A

Rainfall in the area is heavy and hydrographs flashy. Peak discharges fluctuate

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10
Q

How does the geology affect flooding?

A

It consists on Gritstone and Limestone, permeable and porous allowing the water to flow through. Soil is also soft and sandy, so permeable, slow lag time

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11
Q

How does the local relief affect flooding?

A

The drainage basin has steep relief in the hills of the North York Moors, decreasing time taken to reach the river

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12
Q

How does the vegetation affect flooding?

A

Largely moorland shrubs and heather, growing in peat bogs which can soak up water, preventing run off and further flooding. If water is redirected for agriculture or forestry, peat dries out

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13
Q

What are the main land uses in the river catchment area?

A

Arable crops
Improved grassland
Heather Moorland
Forestry and woodland

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14
Q

How has the town impacted flooding?

A

Impermeable surface increase run off rates

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15
Q

How have farming practices impacted the river?

A

Farming has lead to diffuse pollution, lowering the water quality

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16
Q

What was adopted to manage flooding?

A

A land management technique instead of hard defences

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17
Q

What was constructed at Newtondale?

A

A large low level bund to hold up to 120,000m3 in flood events to store water

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18
Q

What was planted around the river catchment?

A

19ha of hydrophillic plant such as alder and willow trees to create a natural barrier to flood flows

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19
Q

What was constructed in the river catchment?

A

Large woody debris damns, and natural gullies to help water drain from moorlands into forests

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20
Q

How many Large Woody Debris Dams have been constructed in Pickering Beck catchment?

A

129

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21
Q

How much farm woodland has been planted?

A

15 ha

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22
Q

How many heather bale dams have been constructed?

A

187

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23
Q

Why were no-burn zones established?

A

As burning has the potential to speed up run off by lowering interception and promoting hydrophobic soil conditions

24
Q

What has been created in terms of no burn zones?

A

A 10 metres wide buffer zone along the main watercourse

25
Q

How big is the catchment area?

A

68km2

26
Q

What does the catchment area contain?

A

Moorland, arable farming and coniferous forests

27
Q

When was it flooded

A

Back in 1999, 2000 and 2007

28
Q

What was flooded in 2007?

A

85 properties and the main A170

29
Q

What does the large, flat moorland receive near the source?

A

Large amounts of water which flows quickly to the Beck when the moorland is saturated

30
Q

What is there a risk of and why?

A

Summer flash floods due to the steep catchment

31
Q

What is there a high variability of?

A

Discharge of the river from year to year

32
Q

Geology and soil type

A

Gritstone and limestone, peat, soft sand substrate - mixed permeability

33
Q

Human causing of flooding

A

. Inappropriate cultivation of arable soils
. Overstocking and overgrazing of grassland
. Excessive moorland
. Forestry drainage

34
Q

Why have many management strategies been rejected?

A

Cost benefit grounds due to low value rural catchment areas and intervention in the wrong area

35
Q

What has the beck failed to meet?

A

Good water standards

36
Q

What is a major local issue?

A

Diffuse water pollution

37
Q

What has the beck been designated as

A

A priority catchment for improving land management under England Catchment Sensitive Farming Initiative

38
Q

What has worsened water quality?

A

Farming and poor treatment of land

39
Q

What policy has been adopted and what does it aim to do?

A

‘Slowing the flow’ to reduce peak flow in Pickering through land management

40
Q

How much of the land is under public ownership?

A

1/3

41
Q

What is the current unsustainable management strategy?

A

Engineered flood defences, need to develop a catchment approach

42
Q

Main principles of management

A

. Slow water at the top of the catchment
. Store water in the middle of the catchment
. Improve water flow passing through the middle of the catchment

43
Q

Riparian woodland

A

Plant communities along river margins - hydrophilic plants

44
Q

How many hectares of native woodland to they plan to plant?

A

50 ha of native woodland in strips 30m wide either side of the water course

45
Q

To date how many ha of riparian woodland have be planted?

A

19ha within Pickering Beck and a further 10ha in River Severn catchment

46
Q

Low level bunds

A

Water stored on the floodplain for short periods, once peak flow has passed this water will drain back naturally into the channel

47
Q

Where is the low level bung being built?

A

In the floodplain at Newtondale

48
Q

How many large woody debris dams have been built?

A

129 in Pickering Beck catchment, 38 in River Severn catchment

49
Q

What do large woody debris dams allow?

A

Allow slower moving water through which had previously been removed

50
Q

Targeted woodland creation and farm scale measures

A

Woodland can help to protect sensitive soils

51
Q

How many hectare of farm woodland have been planted within the River Severn catchment?

A

15 ha

52
Q

How many heather bale dams were constructed on smaller streams and why

A

187 - to hold more water back and improve water retention

53
Q

How many eroding footpaths have been repaired?

A

800m

54
Q

What zone was created?

A

10m wide no burn buffer zones established along main watercourse

55
Q

Why was a new floodplain treated?

A

To allow 4,200,000 cubic feet of floodwater to be retained

56
Q

Will these management strategies work?

A

Too early to tell but it would demonstrate it is a cheaper sustainable approach to flood management if they do work

AQA A-Level Physical Geography (28 decks)

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