Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

0
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation/infection of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation/infection of meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hydrocephaly

A

accumulation of CSF due to..

(communicating) deficient resorption
(internal) obstruction of the flow pathway through the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hydrocephaly ex-vaccuo

A

brain shrinks and CSF replaces it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

meningismus

A

resistance to neck flexion due to pain when inflamed meninges are stretched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Kernig’s sign

A

involuntary flexion of the knee when lower limb is flexed at the hip–occurs because the inflamed meninges are stretched by stretch of the sacral nerve roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pleocytosis

A

presence of excessive number of white blood cells in spinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Brudzinski’s sign

A

involuntary flexion of the knee when the neck is flexed; this occurs because the inflamed meninges are stretched by the flexing of the neck and tesnion can be relieved osmewhat by taking tension off of the sacral nerve roots by flexing knees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

parameningeal

A

processes (particularly infections) that occur outside of the dura but which are adjacent to it (producing some signs-particularly in the CSF) of inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

most common cause of acute meningitis

A

bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

empyema

A

pus or abscess in subdural or epidural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

signs of bacterial meningitis

A

fever
meningismus
>7 WBC/cubic mm of CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

newborn organisms for BM

A

group b strep
e.coli
listeria onocytogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

childhood organisms for BM

A

neisseria meningitis

strep pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

elderly organisms for BM

A

strep pneumoniae

listeria monocytogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

organisms for neurosurgerical patients

A

stap aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ways to get into brain

A 
nasopharyngeal colonization
blood stream-->BBB
entry into CSF by leak/cribiform plate
exudate in subarachnoid
can inflame blood vessels and result in stroke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

where does exudate/pus develop?

A

subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

exudate is

A

yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

exudate is comprised mostly of

A

neutrophilic white blood cells–>swelling of brain and obstruction of free movement of CSF–> increase in ICP–>herniation

can also result in small strokes due to inflammed arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

symptoms of meningitis

A

fever, headache, meningismus
kernig, brudzinski, photophobia, vomiting
toxic appearing–>increased ICP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

first thing you do when you think meningitis

A

antibiotics prophylacticly! before any other lengthy test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what should be your first test

A

CT before spinal taP!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

why CT before spinal tab

A

patients with abscesses should not be spinal tapped, but should not delay LP for any prolonged period just to get a scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

CSF of bacterial meningitis

A 
cloudy
high pressure
WBC: high
RBC: variable
protein high
glucose low
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

go to antibiotic

A

ceftriaxone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

antibiotic for listeria

A

ampicilin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

resistant organisms

A

vancomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

neurosurgical patients

A

vancomysin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what other treatment can you give

A

steroids to reduce vasogenic swelling due to inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

prognosis

A

3-20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

CSF of viral meningitis

A 
clear
normal pressure
(<5
protein low
glucose normal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

viral meningitis symptoms

A

same, but less severe

no impairment of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

therapy of viral meningitis

A

bedrest, fluids, analgesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

fungal meningitis is ___ but ___

A

rare, but severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

setting of fungal meningitis

A

may occur in the setting of immunosuppression of invasive procedure

53
Q

onset of fungal meningitis

A

less acute with more insidious onset

54
Q

CSF fungal meningitis

A 
hazy
variable pressure
high WBC (<200)-lymphocytes
RBC normal
protein high
glucose low
eosinophilia!
india ink
55
Q

most common fungus

A

cryptococcus neoformans

56
Q

symptoms of fungal meningitis

A

early on malaise and fatigue–>progresses to dementia/cranial nerve dysfunction

57
Q

mycobacterial meningitis is

A

tuberculosis meningitis

seen in HIV, children, immunosuppression

58
Q

myco men is actually a

A

reactivation of a previous infection

59
Q

symptoms of mycobacterial meningitis

A

headaches
low grade fevers
night sweats

60
Q

what else do you see with myco men?

A

cranial nerve palsies–caseating granulomas accumulate at bse of brain where cranial nerves exit the brain–>obstructive hydrocephalus

61
Q

treatment myco men

A

tuberculostatic treatment

3-4 antibiotic regimens

62
Q

types of lymphocytes in NS

A

bacterial meningitis-polys
viral meningitis- first polys, then lymphs
chronic, fungal, ruber- mostly lymphs

63
Q

how is encephalitis distinguished from meningitis

A

altered consciousness–progresses to seizures or focal neuro symptoms such as hemiparesis or aphasia

64
Q

Herpes simplex encephalitis

A

usually herpes type 1; gets to brain via trigem- sits next to medial part of temporal

impairment of consciousness, confusion, seizures, headache, fever, meningismus

65
Q

diagnosis and treatment

A

EEG-PLEDS over area of inflamed brain

MRI-inflamed temporal lobe

66
Q

treatment of viral encephalitis

A

acyclovir–start AS SOON as suspected

67
Q

other viruses that cause viral encephalitis

A

arboviruses- mosquito borne
viral myelitis- poliomyelitis
rabies; 2-12 week latent period, 2-10 day death course frm tme of symptoms

68
Q

CSF viral encephalits

A 
clear
normal pressure
WBC <500 lymphs
RBC variable
protein high
glucose normal
69
Q

bacterial encephalitis

A

neurosyphilis and lime disease

also produces NEURITIS

70
Q

neurosyphilis

A

treponema pallidum

71
Q

early signs neurosyph

A

meningitis, cranial neuritis

72
Q

tertiary neurosyphilis

A

tabes dorsalis: sensory ataxia- shooting pains
general paresis: dementia with psychosis
charcot joints: joint damage by affecting innervation of jonts

73
Q

difference between CSF in tertiary syph and CSF in fungal

A

you get VDRL positive

74
Q

LYME DISEASE

A

borrelia burgdorferi
erythema migrans (bulls eye) and arthralgia
polyradiculitis : radiating back pain bilateral VII nerve palsy
CSF: lyme titers

75
Q

treatment lyme disease

A

ceftriaxone

76
Q

herpes zoster

A

infection of dorsal root ganglia neurons–reactivation of varcella zoster virus in forsal root ganglion–>shingles

77
Q

diagnosis of herpes zoster

A

clinical, skin biopsy, pcr csf

78
Q

treatment herpes zoster

A

acyclovir

79
Q

complication herpes zoster

A

postherpetic neuralgia (persistent pain)

80
Q

if herpes infects opthalmic divsiion of trigem zoster–>

A

bad because can lead to corneal scars and potential blindness

81
Q

brain abscess

A

anaerobic or mix of bacteria

secondary to other infections

82
Q

brain absecses on scans

A

no blood vessels therefore no enhancement
darekr around it due to edema
light colored ring because blood vessels disturbed BBB; contrasts escapes from vessels to tissues

83
Q

other signs of brain abscesses (bacterial, fungal)

A

cerebritis: headache, normal CSG
encapsulation: no fever, increased ICP, focal signs, seizures
rupture: meningitis, death

84
Q

therapy of brain abscesses

A

antibiotics, anti convuslants, aspiration or surgery

85
Q

LP can ONLY be done

A

after scans show no significant distrotion of brain (even if CSVF normal!0–>can trigger brain herniation and death

86
Q

parasitic brain abcess

A

toxoplasma

cysticercosis

87
Q

toxo

A

ring enhancing lesions deep in brain
common in AIDS
correlates with CD4 count or viral load

88
Q

treatment toxo

A

pyrimethamin
sulfadiazin [[antibiotics]]

if lesion disappears you are good

89
Q

cysticercosis

A

invasion of tissue with larval stage of taenia solium
invades liver, muscles, brain, eye
enhancing cystic, calcified lesions
treat only for focal signs

90
Q

epidural abscess

A

usually staph
fever and back pain
MRI scan you can see pus extending into epidural space

91
Q

opportunistic infections in HIV

A 
toxo
tuberculous meningitis
cryptococcal men
syphillis
PML
CML
direct hiv
92
Q

PML

A

JC virus

white matter lesions

93
Q

before treating JC with ____, check for____

A

natalizumab

antibodies to JC virus- would show already harbots virus

94
Q

treatment PML

A

supportive

95
Q

how to treat direct infection of brain by HIV

A

decrease viral load

96
Q

Creutzfield Jacob Disease

A

spongiform encephalopathy via prions

97
Q

how is CJD transmitted

A

prions; brain contact

98
Q

what happens in CJD

A

rapid dementia, death over several months

myoclonic jerks, muscle twitches

99
Q

how to test CJD

A

normal CSF, normal imaging besides diffusion image

100
Q

toxins

A

teatnus and botulism

101
Q

how do tetnus and botulism work?

A

heavy nad light chain-
heavy chain bind to neuronal membrane and get light chain into nerve terminal
light chain cleaves synaptobrevin
both are involved in vesicle binding and release

102
Q

botulin toxin blocks

A

neuromuscular transmission; toxin binds to presyn nerve terminal at NMJ–>prevents release of ach
starts with face, eyes and neck

103
Q

tetanus

A

heavy chain binds to membrane gangliosides and the toxin is internalized

binds to GABA via retrograde transmission

–>results in uncontrolled firing and muscle stiffness

104
Q

chronic encephalitis

A

usually viral!- HIV, PML,CJD

usually produce subacute dementia with minimal signs of infection and no meningeal signs

Neuro (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions