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Neuro > Path > Flashcards

Path Flashcards

0
Q

autoregulation at this level makes brain special

A

capillary level

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1
Q

marker of astrocytes

A

GFAP

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2
Q

lewy bodies are

A

synuclein accumulation

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3
Q

chromatolysis

A

in nissl preps, nissl granules disappear; sign of retrograde degeneration

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4
Q

herpes encephalitis has____ inclusions

A

cowdry type a

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5
Q

wallerian degeneration

A

degen of axon distal to injury; if axon is myelinated the myelin sheat will fragment as secondary effect

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6
Q

dying back

A

degeneration of the most distal segments of an axon due to inability of the cell body to maintain adequate axoplasmic flow or produce needed nutrients

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7
Q

gliosis

A

astrocytes responding to stimulus by first enlarging then retracting when injuries process subsides–>form a network called glial scar

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8
Q

microglia

A

specialized monocyte/acrophage which arise in bone marrow and populate the CNS before birth; not glial derived from mesoderm

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9
Q

vasogenic edema

A

when the BBB is compromised, as in with some neoplasms or infections, allowing excess fluid to escape from intravascular space the intercellualr spaces of the brain parenchyma
-vessels damaged, increased vascular perm, plasma filtrate

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10
Q

cytotoxic edema

A

when glia or neurons enlarge due to change sin their cell membranes and ion/h20 flux

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11
Q

inflammatory myopathies

A

polymyositis
dermatomyositis
inclusion body myositis

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12
Q

buzzword neuropathic myopathy

A

fiber-type grouping of atrophic fibers

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13
Q

neuropathic myopathies are

A

tDP43-opathies

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14
Q

upper neurons

A

Betz cells and axonal extensions into corticospunal tracts

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15
Q

lower neurons

A

anterior horn cells and cranial motor nerves

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16
Q

s/s neuropathic myopathy

A

degen of upper nad lower motor neurons

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17
Q

death due to neuropathic myopathy

A

results frm resp failure due to involvment of cervical cord

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18
Q

mitochondrial myopathies

A

ragged red fibers; lots of red, big cracks, not specific for mito dz

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19
Q

ratings of glasgow coma scale

A

13 or above- mild
9-12 moderate
8 or less severe

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20
Q

three proponents of glasgow scale

A

eye response
verbal response
motor response

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21
Q

concussion

A

totally reversible, transient cerebral malfunction which may be associated with a brief loss of consciousness or postural tone

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22
Q

contusion

A

physical damage to the surface of the brain; path finding

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23
Q

diffuse axonal injury

A

widespread damage to axons within the CNS that results frm severe acceleration or deceleration of the head

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24
Q

DAI comes from ___ not ____

A

rotation NOT blow to the head

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25
Q

most patients with DAI

A

go comatose immediately after injury and do not experience a lucid interval, remain unconscious, vegetative, or at least severely disabled until death

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26
Q

common distribution of DAI

A 
white matter
corupus callosum
walls of third ventricle
dorsolateral surface brainstem
peraqueductal gray area
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27
Q

indicators of shaken baby syndrome

A

retinal hemorrhages
parental risk factors
subdural and subarachnoid hem
DAI

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28
Q

grade 1

A

benign, unlikely to recur, spread, or infiltrate brain extensively

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29
Q

grade II

A

slow grwoing but will probs come back

cant totally resect- follow/watch

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30
Q

grade 3

A

aggressive, requires therapy more than just surgery alone

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31
Q

grade IV

A

anaplastic, malignant, lethal

treat aggressively

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32
Q

subfalcine herniation

A

cingulate gyrus forced under falx–>impinge cerebral arteries–>infarcted cortex

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33
Q

transtentorial

A

mesencephalon/thal/hypothal pushed through tentorium

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34
Q

uncinate

A

unicated process on medial temporal lobe pushed over free edge tent–>pinch nerves, vessels–>infarct medial temporal

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35
Q

defect

A

surgery–>brain swells–>brain pushes itself out through calvarium

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36
Q

upward transtentorial

A

tumor from posterior fossa –>cerebellum and/or brainstem pushed upward

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37
Q

foramen magnum/tonsillar herniation

A

cerebellar tonsils pushed through foramen magnum–>collapse vessls–>medulla infarct

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38
Q

duret hemmorhage

A

brain pushed downt hrough transtentorium but blood vessels attache dto bone and held in place

pons and messencephalon slow ttrip south

hemmorhage into them

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39
Q

cerebellar gangliocytoma

A

cowden’s syndrome

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40
Q

cerebellar hemangioblastoma

A

von-hippel-lindau syndrome

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41
Q

schwannoma of CN VIII

A

NF2

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42
Q

glioblastome multiforme is a

A

astrocytic tumor

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43
Q

pilocytic astrocytoma WHO grade

A

1

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44
Q

ganglioglioma

A

neurons mixed with real glioma

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45
Q

anablastic cells

A

wild and crazy

46
Q

primitive cells

A

so undifferentiated; barely any cytoplasm; stay alive but not differentiating in anyway

47
Q

medulloepithelioma

A

rare birdl on the edge of reality

48
Q

craniopharyngiom

A

from epithelial rests embryologically and border the sella turcica

49
Q

germ cell tumors

A

same as tumors you find in ovaries and testes but are in the brain

50
Q

non-menigothelial tumors of the meninges

A

benign mesenchymal
malignant mesenchymal
primary melanocytic lesions
hemopoietic neoplasms

51
Q

hemangioblastoma

A

tumor of cerebellum; tiny blood vessels+ big foam cells in between

52
Q

chordoma

A

cells derived from primative notochord; can occur in the sacrum –> vertebral bodies –> clivus of skull

53
Q

chodroma

A

benign cartilagnious tumor

54
Q

chondrosarcoma

A

malignant cartilagnious tumor

55
Q

hypothalamic neuronal hamartoma

A

bits of tissue mixed together

56
Q

nasal glial heterotopia

A

something totally normal that isnt in a place it should be

57
Q

grade III astrocytoma

A

anaplastic astrocytoma

58
Q

no tumor boundaries, naked nuclei, necrosis

A

grade IV- glioblastoma multiforme

death sentence

59
Q

oligodendroglioma WHO grade

A

II

f

60
Q

oligodendroglioma path

A

fried egg

61
Q

translocation oligodendroglioma

A

1p:19q

62
Q

ganglioma

A

WHO grade I

63
Q

ganglioma cells

A

big, funny looking occasionally binucleate neuronal forms in the tumor

64
Q

ependymoma

A

nuclear-free zone
glio-vascular rosettes
“pseudo-rosette”-glio vascular rosette

65
Q

primitive neuroectodermal tumors

A

small blue cells

WHO grade IV

66
Q

blastomas

A

small cells tightly packed together with very little cytoplasm
rosettes- w. or w/o central lumens

67
Q

schwanoma histo

A

verocay bodies- lines of nuclei then fibers crossing nuclei-free zone

68
Q

most common intracranial tumor

A

meningoma

69
Q

histology of meningioma

A

cellular whorls
psmomma bodies
nuclear pseudinclusions

70
Q

cortical location

A

alzheimers disease
picks disease/frontotemporal dementia
diffuse lewy body disease
corticobasal degen

71
Q

caudate

A

huntingtons

72
Q

midbrain

A

parkinson’s disease
multiple system atrophy (shy drager)
progressive supranuclear palsy

73
Q

spinocerebellar

A

spinocerebellar ataxia

fredreich’s ataxia

74
Q

motor system

A

ALS

spinomuscular atrophy

75
Q

tau 17q211

A

not found in alz

76
Q

problem with drugs that target y-secretase

A

if you block y-secretase, you may also interfere with notch protein–>problems with CNS differentiation–>lethal KO

77
Q

if you immunize against the AB peptide

A

if people develop autoimmune encephalitis–>disaster

78
Q

linked to chromosome 17

A

FTD and Parkinsons (FTDP-17)

79
Q

taupathy

A

corticobasal degeneration

PSP

80
Q

Path of CBD

A

heavy aggregation in cortical gray and white matter (threadlike processes)
pathology in cerebrum

81
Q

PSP

A

basal ganglia, diencephalon, brain stemp

82
Q

striatonigral degeneration

A

synucleopathy, but no lewy bodies

83
Q

olivopontocerebellar atrophy

A

profound pathoogy as pons melts away; cerebellum atrophies, superior olivary nucleus shrinks

84
Q

shy drager syndrome

A

familial autonomic failure–>postural hypotension

85
Q

parkinsonian-dementia in guam

A

high content of aluminum in brains

86
Q

TDP43

A

bind and escort DNA and RNA into ER

mutations–>death of motor neurons–>muscles die

87
Q

ALS issue with

A

supernucleotide dismutase

88
Q

fredreich’s ataxia

A

repeats GAA
auto recessive
clumsiness, nystagmus, hyporefelxia, pos babinksi
onset in children

cardiac fibrosis–>cardiomyopathy

89
Q

cells that are most suceptible to ischemia

A

hippocampal cells in CA1

purkinje cells in cerebellum

90
Q

how long until red neuron develops

A

6-8 hours

91
Q

24-36 hrs

A

neutrophils at boundary

92
Q

36-73 hrs

A

macrophages replace neutrophils

93
Q

7-9 days

A

astrocytes begin to become reactive and progress towards full glial scar

94
Q

watershed/boundary zone infarction

A

blood pressure drops to level where proximal part of territory is perfused, but distal is not

95
Q

venous infarcts are

A

hemorrhagic

96
Q

telangiectasias

A

tiny blood vessels that are dilated more than they should be

97
Q

cavernous hemangiomas

A

hemangiomas made of veins; hemorrhages and seizures are possible

98
Q

AVM

A

tangle of vessels in brain or on its surface that bypassnormal brain tissue and directly divert blood frm the arteries to the veins

99
Q

congophillic angiopathy

A

amyloid precursor preotin

looks like subdural hematoma, but neurosurgeon knows it is not

100
Q

microscopic CJD

A

sponge background
red reactive astrocytes
dont see a single neuron

101
Q

startle myoclonic

A

CJD

102
Q

JC virus causes

A

PML

103
Q

herpes tends to infect

A

temporal lobe

104
Q

herpes encephalitis has infiltration of

A

almost only macrophages & lymphocytes

105
Q

lymphocytic perivascular cuffing

A

think virus, esp in patients with latered mental state

106
Q

cowdry type A

A

herpes virus

107
Q

HIV encephalitis

A

giant celsl

108
Q

CNS lymphoma

A

primitive, enlarged b cells–>look like plasma cells

109
Q

PML gross

A

parietal occipital lobe melting- white matter

110
Q

toxo

A

small hemmorhagic, necrotic lesions
toxoplasma pseudocyst: organism has replicated and filled cell
found in normal people; but held in check by immune system

111
Q

if brain abscess…

A

body walls it off with collagen

112
Q

other MS like diseases

A

Charcot
Schlider’s-fastttt
Balo’s concentric-altering patterns of myelin and then no myelin

113
Q

Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis/Weston Hurst Disease

A

diffuse hemorrhages as signature

Neuro (23 decks)

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