32 - Homeostasis and Signaling

Question 1

Tissue Layers Versus Tissue Types

Answer 1

Layers refer to the argument of cells in their spactial organization within a tissue

Types refer to the category of the tissue based on its function, composition, and organization

Question 2

Protective Barrier
Diffusion of ions and molecules (Nutrients)
Interact environment

Exterior surface of the body
Internal cavities and passageways
Some Glands

Epithelial cells

Answer 2

Epithelial

Question 3

Contracts to initiate movement voluntary/involuntary

Skeletal muscles – involuntary
Cardiac muscles - heart
Smooth muscles – GI tract (digestive tract), cardiovascular

Muscle cells (myocytes)

Answer 3

Muscular

Question 4

Transmit and integrate information through the central and peripheral nervous system.

Brian
Spinal Cord
Nerves

Neurons – send signals
Glial cells – support nervous system/maintenance

Answer 4

Nervous

Question 5

Underlines and supports other tissue types.

Throughout the body
Bones
Ligaments
Tendons
Blood

Various connective tissues
Bone
Ligaments
Tendons
Blood

Answer 5

Connective

Question 6

Some variables maintained in homeostasis?

Answer 6

Temperature 

 Blood pH 

Blood sugar 

Blood pressure  

Hemoglobin 

Oxygen levels (C02 levels) 

Heart rate 

Water balance/salt (osmoregulation) 

Detoxification 

Waste management 

Inflammation  

ECT…(many more) 

Question 7

Can organisms be regulators and conformers for different factors?

Answer 7

Yes - Organisms can be both regulators or conformed with respect to a condition.

Question 8

4 Types of Heat transfer

Answer 8

Radiation

Evaporation

Conduction

Convection

Question 9

Radiation

Answer 9

emissions of EM (electromagnetic waves) Sun

Question 10

Evaporation

Answer 10

Loss of heat due to liquid-to-gas transition (humans sweat)

Question 11

Conduction

Answer 11

direct transfer of heat between molecules in contact with each other

Question 12

Convection

Answer 12

Increase in heat transfer due to movement of liquid or gas (fluid does not mean liquid)

Question 13

How do humans thermoregulate when Hot?

Answer 13

Stimulus -Body Temperature Increases

Sensor -The thermostat in the hypothalamus activates the cooling mechanism.

Response - Blood vessels dilate in skin & Sweat

Negative feedback -Body temperature decreases

Why Negative – Body returned to normal

Question 14

How do humans thermoregulate when Cold?

Answer 14

Stimulus - Body temperature decreases

Sensor - Thermostat in hypothalamus activates warming mechanism

Response - Shivering / Blood vessel constrict

Negative feedback - Body texture increases.

Why Negative – Body returned to normal

Question 15

Water Soluble Hormones

Answer 15

Be in the blood (bind to an extracellular receptor to get through the phospholipid bilayer) 

Made of amino acids and peptides

Hydrophilic dissolve in water

Rapid Response

Insulin, Growth Hormone (GH) , Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 16

Lipid Soluble Hormones

Answer 16

Needs carrier protein (enters target cells by going through the membrane) 

Steroids and Thyriod hormones

Hydrophobic do not dissolve in water

Slower but longer affect

Testosterone, estrogen, thyroxine (T4)

Question 17

Endocrine

Answer 17

Entire organism 

Slower signaling  

Longer duration  

Question 18

Neuroendocrine

Answer 18

Generally, involve the hypotheses (release / send nerve impulse) 

Sensors that is off will release a hormone and pituitary response by releasing hormones.  

Question 19

Negative feedback

Answer 19

Negative feedback counteracts the stimulus to return to the set point Negative refers to changing direction, not positive or negative values of change (Almost all)

Question 20

Positive feedback

Answer 20

Positive feedback occurs when the orgasm wants to ensure the process reaches a particular outcome (rare) Milk production for offspring (Oxytocin pathway)

Question 21

In what ways can a single hormone have multiple effects on an organism?

Answer 21

Different cell types have receptors – and respond differently based on cell type.  

Type of receptor – may have multiple types of receptors for the same hormone – that each lead to different responses.  

The concentration of hormones can make a difference (high/low does different things) 

Question 22

—— water (water outside) – excretion of salt ions in small amounts of water in scanty urine from the kidney  

Answer 22

Saltwater fish osmosis

Question 23

—— water (water inside)- excretion of salt ions and large amounts of water in dilute urine from the kidney  

Answer 23

Freshwater fish osmosis

Question 24

Ectotherms

Answer 24

the heat from external sources can regulate temp through behavior

Question 25

Endotherms

Answer 25

the heat from internal sources

Question 26

Maintenance of salt/water balance

Answer 26

Osmoregulation

Question 27

Nitrogenous wastes required?

Answer 27

Water and Energy.

Question 28

Osmoregulation excretory process (simple)

Answer 28

Filtration – substances removed from blood (filtrate) and retained w/in some structure

Mammals - kidney

Reabsorption – substances are transferred from filtrate to blood to be retained by organism

Secretion – transfer of substance from the blood to the filtrate to be excreted

Excretion – filtrate (urine) is released (excreted) into the environment

Question 29

Solutes require what transport.

Answer 29

Active

Question 30

Water requires what transport.

Answer 30

Passive