33 - Essentials - Nutrients

Question 1

Essential Nutrients

Answer 1

Nutrients and organisms cannot produce

Question 2

Consumption methods

Answer 2

Filter feeds – filters food

Substrate feeder - eating whatever its on

Fluid feeder – consumes fluids

Bulk feeder - eats the whole organism.

Question 3

Digestive structures

Answer 3

Gastovacualr Cavity (Incomplete)
Alimentary Cavity (Complete)

Question 4

Gastovacualr Cavity (Incomplete)

Answer 4

An internal structure that is lined by specialized cells that secrete digestive enzymes that break down food to be absorbed by cells (usually one opening mouth/anus)

Question 5

Alimentary Cavity (Complete digestive tract)

Answer 5

Has mouth and anus food consumed travels throughout canal in a single direction specialized structures along the canal to digest and absorb specific types of nutrients

Question 6

4 stages of digestion

Answer 6

Ingestion – food consumed

Digestion – food is broken down into small molecules

Absorption – small molecules are taken into the cells that line the digestive tract

Elimination – releases of the waste

Question 7

Process of digestion

Answer 7

Mouth – Physical- > Chewing - Chemical – >Amylase – breaks down complex carbohydrates

Swallowing triggers peristalsis -> moves food to the stomach

Stomach – physical –> concentration mixing food with gastric juices Chemical -> protein digestion by pepsin and HCI

The stomach is protected from self-digestion by

Mucus layer (stomach)

Containment of active compound

Pepsinogen->Pepsin, which is an inactive compound, only activates once it enters the stomach by HCI. Pepsinogen becomes active from Pepsin

H+ and CL- secreted as separate ions – only form HCI in the stomach.

Small intestine bicarbonate is secreted into the intestine from the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid.

Question 8

The small intestine has a very large surface area to volume ratio (maximize absorption). Through

Answer 8

Circular folds

Protrusions of tissue=villi = lots of cells

Protrusion of individual cell membranes=microvilli (single cell)

Question 9

Type I diabetes

Answer 9

autoimmune response to pancreatic Beta cells - no insulin (cannot produce)

Question 10

Type II diabetes

Answer 10

cells no longer respond to insulin – poor resistance to insulin (lifestyle choices)

20% of all sugar goes to the brain (brain only uses sugar)

Question 11

Sharp for grabbing/latching on

Answer 11

Carnivore

Question 12

Move evolved for grinding.

Answer 12

Herbivores

Question 13

A mixture of both for grabbing and some for grinding

Answer 13

Omnivore

Question 14

Cecum

Answer 14

additional digestion – Appendix residual cecum (not used)

Question 15

Carnivore - Digestion Tract

Answer 15

A short digestive tract leads to feces having tons of nutrients in it less efficient than a longer tract

Question 16

Herbivore - Digestion Tract

Answer 16

Have different digestive tracts to maximize nutrient output from their food source (grass is hard to digest)

Question 17

What Digestion Occurs in the Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus

Answer 17

Carbohydrate
Polysaccharides (Starch, Glycogen) -> Salivary Amylase -> Smaller Polysaccharides
Disaccharides (Sucrose, Lactose) - Maltose

Question 18

What digestion occurs in the stomach

Answer 18

Protein
Proteins-> Pepsin-> Small Polypeptides

Question 19

What digestion occurs in the small intestines (enzymes from the pancreas)

Answer 19

Carbohydrates, Protein, Nucleic Acid, Fat
Smaller Polyasccahrides-> Pancreatic amylases -> Dissachrdies
Small Polypeptides -> Pancreatic Trypsin and chymotrypsin-> Smaller Polypetpioteds-> Pancreatic Carboxypeptidase-> smaller peptides
DNA, RNA -> Pancreatic nucleases -> nucleotides
Fat (triglycerides -> Pancreatic lypase -> Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides

Question 20

What digestion occurs in the small intestine (enzymes from intestinal epithelium)

Answer 20

Carbohydrates, Protein, Nucleic Acid
Disaccharides -> Disaccharidases -> Monosaccharides
Pancreatic carboxypeptidase /Small Peptides -> Dipeptidases, Carboxypepduiases, and aminopeptidase -> Amino Acids
Nucleotides ->Nucleotidases -> Nucleosides-> Nucleosidases and phosphatases -> Nitrogenous bases, sugars, phosphates