3.2 Transport In Animal

Question 1

What are 3 factors that influence the need for transport system?

-S, S:V, M

Answer 1

• size
• surface area to volume ratio
• level of metabolic activity

Question 2

When doing metabolic activity what respiration is required?
A
what do we need a good supply of?
N, O,E

Answer 2

• Aerobic respiration
• Nutrients, Oxygen and Energy

Question 3

What is the circuit of the single circulatory system?
- why is it single blood flows through.. (Heart)?

Answer 3

• Heart- gills- body- heart
• Blood flow through heart once

Question 4

What is the two circuits of the double circulatory system called?
P, S
what does it entail?
- 🫁 - carries O+N around B to 🤧

Answer 4

Pulmonary circulation: Carries blood to lungs to pick oxygen
Systemic: Carries oxygen and nutrients around the body to the tissues.

Question 5

What is open circulatory system?
-vessels

How does this affect its diffusion pathway?
-tissues bathed in B

Answer 5

-Blood is not held within blood vessels

• Tissues and cells directly bathed in blood, less diffusion pathway

Question 6

What is a closed circulatory system?
- held vessels

Answer 6

• where blood is held with vessels

Question 7

Why is it an advantage to have a high pressure for blood flow?
🚄
What does this do to the rate of diffusion?

Answer 7

• blood flows more quickly allowing a faster rate of diffusion.

Question 8

What does the circulatory system have to do effectively? (E.g advantages of open circulatory system)
- rate🩸
- O&N delivery
- removal of 💨& w🚮
- transport 🩸 ≠ to movement

Answer 8

• high blood flow rate
• rapid delivery of oxygen and nutrients
• rapid removal of CO2 and other waste
• transport is independent of body movements

Question 9

Does arteries have high or low pressure?

What would the size of the walls be?

Is lumen small or large? in order to what? M

Answer 9

High-pressure

Thick wall to withstand the pressure

Lumen is small in order to maintain the pressure

Question 10

What does the arterials connect?

Answer 10

Arteries to capillaries

Question 11

How is tissue fluid formed? Bp

Why does tissue fluid form? O &N

Answer 11

Three blood plasma leaking from capillaries

To provide oxygen and nutrients body cells require

Question 12

What does hydrostatic pressure do? Push
And where is it found?
A

Answer 12

• pushes the blood fluid out capillaries
• arterial end

Question 13

What does the tendinous chords do?

-inside out.. when v w contracts

Answer 13

Prevent vowels from turning inside out when ventricle wall contracts

Question 14

What is the purpose of the septum in a mammalian heart?

Answer 14

• separates the left side of the heart and the deoxygenated blood in the right side

Question 15

What are the single units of cardiac muscle? S
What separates theses? I 💿

Answer 15

Sarcomeres

Intercalated discs

Question 16

What is the pathway for wave of excitation?

Answer 16

SAN - AVN- atria systole- ventricle systole - diastole

Question 17

What does the waves of excitation represent e.g P, Q, R, S, T

Answer 17

P wave- Atrial systole
Q, R, S wave- Ventricular systole
T wave- diastole

Question 18

How to calculate heart beats per minute?

Answer 18

Time from P wave to the next P wave
—————————————————
60 sec

Question 19

What is bradycardia?

• heart rhythm

Answer 19

• slow heart rhythm

Question 20

What is Tachycardia?
🏃‍♀️🚄

Answer 20

Rapid heart rhythm

Question 21

What is ectopic heartbeat?

Answer 21

Heartbeat is missed

Question 22

How many molecules of oxygen can each haemoglobin carry?

Answer 22

Up to 4

Question 23

Does fetal haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen or a low affinity for oxygen compared to adult haemoglobin?

Answer 23

Has a higher affinity for oxygen

Question 24

What three ways is carbon dioxide transported?
5% p
10% carbaminohaemoglobin
85% in form of H..

Answer 24

5% dissolve directly in plasma
10% combined with haemoglobin
85% transported inform of HCO3-

Question 25

Carbonic anhydrates forms weak carbonic acid from combining what two substances as CO2 diffuses in red blood cells?

Answer 25

• CO2 and Water

Question 26

When transporting CO2 What does carbonic acid do to form hydrocarbonate ions and H+?

Equation?

Answer 26

Carbonic acid dissociates to produce hydrocarbonate ions and H+

H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+

Question 27

Where does hydrocarbonate ions (HCO3-) go after it production?

Answer 27

They diffuse outside red blood cell to plasma

Question 28

After HCO3- is removed, how can we maintain the charge inside the red blood cells?

Shift

Answer 28

Chloride shift from plasma to red blood cell

Question 29

To prevent red blood cells from becoming acidic, how will it be associated and taking out a solution? - -Hae

What does it act as?
-Bu

Answer 29

Associated with haemoglobin to produce haemoglobin acid HHb

Act as a buffer

Question 30

What happens when the partial pressure is high in tissue e.g alveloi?

What happens when partial pressure is lower?

-Hemoglobin affinity

Answer 30

• Hemoglobin has a higher affinity of oxygen
• Hemoglobin has a low affinity and loses oxygen

Question 31

What does the Bohr effect do to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve? In the presence of?

Answer 31

• Shifts it to the left in the precedence of carbon dioxide

Question 32

What does carbon dioxide do to the affinity of hemoglobin?

Answer 32

• it reduces the affinity of oxygen

Question 33

As HHb is formed the tertiary structure of hemoglobin changes what does this do to the affinity of oxygen?

-unloading..

Answer 33

• has a lower affinity to oxygen
• unloading oxygen more easily