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General Biology II > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the percentages of the “Biomass of Earth” ?

A

50% Bacteria/Fungi

35% Plants

15% Animals

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2
Q

What are three characteristics of prokaryotes?

A

CELLULAR

NO MEMBRANE ENCLOSED ORGANELLES

SINGULAR-CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME

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3
Q

What is the most well known example of a prokaryote?

A

BACTERIA

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4
Q

What are the ten different forms of bacterial cells?

A

COCCI

DIPLOCOCCUS

STREPTOCOCCUS

STAPHYLOCOCCUS

TETRAD

SARCINA

BACILLUS

DIPLOBACILLUS

STREPTOBACILLUS

SPIRAL

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5
Q

What is the form of a cocci bacterial cell?

A

Spherical

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6
Q

How can the diplococcus arrangement of bacterial cells be described?

A

TWO cells side by side

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7
Q

How can the streptococcus arrangement of bacterial cells be described?

A

A CHAIN of cells in a row

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8
Q

How can the staphylococcus arrangement of bacterial cells be described?

A

A BUNCH of cells in a “pool rack” kind of arrangement

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9
Q

How can the tetrad arrangement of bacterial cells be described?

A

FOUR cells in a SQUARE arrangement

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10
Q

How can the sarcina arrangement of bacterial cells be described?

A

A CUBOIDAL BOX arrangement with cells inside

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11
Q

How can the bacillus bacterial shape be described?

A

ROD-SHAPED

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12
Q

How can the diplobacillus arrangement of bacterial cells be described?

A

TWO rod-shaped cells side by side

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13
Q

How can the streptobacillus arrangement of bacterial cells be described?

A

A CHAIN of ROD-SHAPED bacteria

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14
Q

How can the spiral bacterial cells be described?

A

Multiple lines in multiple forms

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15
Q

What are the two classifications of spiral bacteria?

A

SPIROCHETE

SPIRILLUM

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16
Q

What are the two types of cell walls in Eubacteria?

A

GRAM-POSITIVE

GRAM-NEGATIVE

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17
Q

What are three characteristics of a Gram-Positive cell wall in Eubacteria?

A

VERY THICK PEPTIDOGLYCAN IN CELL WALL

ABSORB THE STAIN

THE COLOR IS BLUE-PURPLE

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18
Q

What are three characteristics of a Gram-Negative cell wall in Eubacteria?

A

THIN layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall

DO NOT absorb the stain

THE COLOR IS pink-red

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19
Q

What is the “capsule” ?

A

An extracellular slime layer surrounding the cell wall of some bacteria

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20
Q

The __________________ may protect bacteria and allow for attachment to cells

A

CAPSULE

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21
Q

What is the “pili” ?

A

The protein structures that extend from the cell

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22
Q

The _______________ helps bacterial adhere to surfaces

A

PILI

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23
Q

What are three characteristics of the flagella?

A

They produce a rotary motion

Similar to eukaryotic flagella

The number and location help to identify bacteria

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24
Q

Genetic material is found in what two forms?

A

Circular DNA molecule

Plasmids (small “Snippits” of DNA)

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25
Q

________________ is responsible for resistance to antibiotics?

A

GENETIC MATERIAL

26
Q

___________________ does not have protein associated with it

A

PROKARYOTIC DNA

27
Q

What are the three types of Asexual Reproduction?

A

BINARY FISSION

BUDDING

FRAGMENTATION

28
Q

_______________ is the most common form of asexual reproduction

A

BINARY FISSION

29
Q

What occurs in “binary fission” ?

A

1st the Circular DNA replicates
and
2nd the ingrowth from the cell membrane and wall divides bacteria into two

30
Q

__________________ is very fast

A

BINARY FISSION

31
Q

_________________ is a less common form of asexual reproduction

A

BUDDING

32
Q

What is the process for “budding” ?

A

A bacterial cell forms a bulge/bud which enlarges and eventually separates

33
Q

What is the process for “fragmentation” ?

A

Walls form inside the bacterial cell which then separates into many new cells

34
Q

What are the two TYPES of genetic transfer?

A

VERTICAL and HORIZONTAL transfer

35
Q

What are the three MECHANISM to exchange genetic material?

A

TRANSFORMATION

TRANSDUCTION

CONJUGATION

36
Q

What is the genetic material mechanism “Transformation” ?

A

It is the intake of DNA fragments from the environment

37
Q

What happens during transduction?

A

The phage carries bacterial DNA between cells

38
Q

What happens during “conjugation”?

A

Cells of different mating types exchange bits of DNA

39
Q

What are endospores?

A

Extremely durable enclosure around the genetic material which withstands high heat, dry conditions, freezing temps, etc..

40
Q

How many endospores are there per cell?

A

ONE

41
Q

_____________ obtain energy and carbon from other organisms

A

HETEROTROPHS

42
Q

_______________ make their own organic molecules from raw materials

A

AUTOTROPHS

43
Q

What are the two types of autotrophs?

A

PHOTO-AUTOTROPHS

CHEMO-AUTOTROPHS

44
Q

What are photo-autotrophs get their energy from?

A

THE SUN

45
Q

Where do chemo-autotrophs get their energy?

A

They use ammonia or hydrogen sulfide for energy

46
Q

Most bacteria are _________________

A

OBLIGATE AEROBES

47
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

It means that the bacteria must have access to oxygen

48
Q

What are the two types of anaerobes?

A

FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES

OBLIGATE ANAEROBES

49
Q

What are the oxygen requirements for facultative anaerobes?

A

Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen if it is available but it can survive without it

50
Q

What are the oxygen requirements for obligate anaerobes?

A

Obligate anaerobes carry on metabolism only without oxygen. (They can use it or exist with it)

51
Q

What are the two prokaryotic domains?

A

EUBACTERIA and ARCHAE BACTERIA

52
Q

What are four characteristics of methanogens?

A

They do not contain peptidoglycan in their cell wall

They do not cause disease

They produce methane gas

They exist in anaerobic environments
(sewers, swamps, digestive tracts)

53
Q

What are “Extreme Halophiles”?

A

Archaebacteria that inhabit saturated salt solutions (Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, Salt Ponds.)

54
Q

What are “Extreme Thermophiles”?

A

Archaebacteria that inhabit environments over 100*C and/or low pH or acidic environments. (Yellowstone Park sulfur springs.)

55
Q

What are the five “positive” functions of bacteria?

A

They are decomposers

They fix nitrogen for plants

They are used in antibiotics

Involved with food production

Involved with bioremedication

56
Q

What does it mean for a bacteria to be a decomposer?

A

it means that they can break down dead organic matter and waste

57
Q

What is bioremedication?

A

It is the process of using bacteria to detoxify or remove oil, gasoline, and other pollutants from the environment

58
Q

What are three negative properties of pathogens?

A

Biofilms, exotoxins, and endotoxins

59
Q

What are biofilms?

A

Dense communities over water or solid surfaces (dental plaque) which resist antibiotics and defense systems

60
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

A substance released from bacteria or leaked out when the bacteria dies. (Botulism: 1g = 1million people)

61
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

A substance that exists within the cell walls of most gram negative bacteria.

They also cause fever and other symptoms

General Biology II (15 decks)

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