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Introduction to Psychology > Chapter 7 Learning & Reward > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Learning & Reward Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Acquisition of new knowledge from EXPERIENCE that results in PERMANENT CHANGE

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2
Q

Habituation

A

Repeated exposure to stimulus –> reduction in response

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3
Q

Sensitization

A

Exposure to stimulus –> increased response to another

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4
Q

John B Watson

A

Behaviouralist movement

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5
Q

Behaviouralism

A

Against consciousness, mental states, mind, content, imagery

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6
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Salivation of dogs

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7
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that produces a response

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8
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

Reliably produces naturally occurring reaction

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9
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

Reflexive reaction produced by unconditioned response

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10
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

Previously neutral stimulus that produces response after being paired with US

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11
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Resembles unconditioned response but produced by CS

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12
Q

Acquisition

A

Stage when CS and US are paired together

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13
Q

Second-Order Conditioning

A

CS with a stimulus associated with US

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14
Q

Extinction

A

Gradual elimination of a learned response when CS is presented without US

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15
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Tendency of learned behaviour to recover from extinction

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16
Q

Generalization

A

CR is observed with slightly different CS

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17
Q

Discrimination

A

Ability to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

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18
Q

Little Albert Case

A

1 Complex can be conditioned
2 Emotions can be conditioned
3 Humans can be conditioned

19
Q

Rescorla-Wagner Model

A

Conditioning works better with unfamiliar CS because there aren’t expectations attached yet

20
Q

Thompson

A

Eyeblinking conditioning of the cerebellum

21
Q

Biological Preparedness

A

Propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

22
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Consequences of organism’s behaviour determine whether it will be repeated in the future

23
Q

Thorndike

A

Instrumental behaviours

24
Q

Law of Effect

A

Behaviours that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs tend to be repeated and those that produce an unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated

25
Q

Operant Behaviour

A

Behaviour with impact on environment

26
Q

Skinner Operant Conditioning Chamber

A

Allows a researcher to study the behaviour of small organisms in a controlled environment

27
Q

Reinforcer

A

Stimulus that increases likelihood of a behaviour

28
Q

Punisher

A

Stimulus that decreases likelihood of a behaviour

29
Q

Stimulus Control

A

Stimulus controls the behaviour

30
Q

Discriminative Stimulus

A

Stimulus that indicates a response will be reinforced

31
Q

Three-Term Contingency

A

In presence of discriminative stimulus, a response produces a reinforcer

32
Q

Interval Schedules

A

Time intervals between reinforcements

33
Q

Ratio Schedules

A

Ratio of responses to reinforcements

34
Q

Intermittent Reinforcement Effect

A

Operant behaviours that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better

35
Q

Shaping

A

Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behaviour

36
Q

Tolman

A

Means-ends relationship; stimulus establishes a cognitive state (and not a direct response)

37
Q

Latent Learning

A

Something is learned, but is not manifested

38
Q

Cognitive Map

A

Mental representation of physical features of environment

39
Q

Pleasure Centers

A

Brain areas in limbic system associated with positive experiences

40
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by watching actions of others

41
Q

Diffusion Chain

A

Individuals initially learn a behaviour by observing another individual perform that behaviour, and then serve as a model for others

42
Q

Enculturation Hypothesis

A

Being raised in a human culture has a profound effect on the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees

43
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Type of neurons which fire when you watch someone else perform the same action

44
Q

Implicit Learning

A

Learning independent of awareness of both process and products

Introduction to Psychology (13 decks)

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