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Introduction to Psychology > Chapter 4 Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Sensation & Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Stimulation of sense organ

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2
Q

Perception

A

Organization, identification and interpretation of sensation

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3
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system

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4
Q

Psychophysics

A

Methods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observer’s sensitivity to that stimulus

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5
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus in 50% of the trials

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6
Q

Just Noticeable Difference

A

Minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected

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7
Q

Weber’s Law

A

JND of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity

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8
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

The response to a stimulus depends on both a person’s sensitivity in the presence of noise and on a person’s decision criterion

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9
Q

Perceptual Sensitivity

A

How effectively the perceptual system represents sensory events

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10
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current conditions

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11
Q

Visual Acuity

A

Ability to see fine detail

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12
Q

Length of Light

A

Determines hue or colour

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13
Q

Amplitude of Light Wave

A

Determines brightness

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14
Q

Purity

A

Determines saturation

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15
Q

Retina

A

Light-sensitive tissue lining the back

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16
Q

Accommodation

A

Process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina

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17
Q

Cones

A

Detect colour, operate under normal daylight condiitons

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18
Q

Rods

A

Become active under low-light conditions for night vision

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19
Q

Fovea

A

An area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all

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20
Q

Blind Spot

A

Location in the visual field that produces no sensation on the retina

21
Q

Colour Deficiency

A

One of the cone types is missing

22
Q

Colour Opponent System

A

Pairs of visual neurons work in opposition

23
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Located in the thalamus which receives the inputs

24
Q

Ventral Stream

A

What

25
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

Where

26
Q

Binding Problem

A

How features are linked together so that we see unified objects in our visual world

27
Q

Illusory Conjunction

A

Perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined

28
Q

Feature Integration Theory

A

Focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that comprise a stimulus, but is required to bind those individual features together

29
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

Even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistent

30
Q

Principles of Perceptual Organization

A 
Simplicity
Closure
Continuity
Similarity
Proximity
Common Fate
31
Q

Image-based Object Recognition

A

Object is stored in memory as a template

32
Q

Parts-based Object Recognition

A

Object is stored in geons

33
Q

Apparent Motion

A

Perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations

34
Q

Change Blindness

A

When people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene

35
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention

36
Q

Pitch

A

How high or low a sound is

37
Q

Loudess

A

A sound’s intensity

38
Q

Timber

A

Sound quality or resonance

39
Q

Outer Ear

A

Auditory canal, eardrum

40
Q

Middle Ear

A

Ossicles (hammer, anvil and stirrup)

41
Q

Inner Ear

A

Cochlea, basilar membrane with tiny hair cells

42
Q

Place Code

A

Different frequencies stimulate signals at specific places along the basilar membrane

43
Q

Temporal Code

A

Registers low frequencies via the firing rate of action potentials

44
Q

Haptic Perception

A

Active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands

45
Q

A-delta Fibers

A

Transmit the initial sharp pain one might feel

46
Q

C Fibers

A

Transmit longer-lasting, duller pain

47
Q

Referred Pain

A

Sensory information from internal and external areas converges

48
Q

Gate-Control Theory of Pain

A

Signals can be stopped by interneurons in the spinal cord

49
Q

Vestibular System

A

Three fluid-filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each innder ear

Introduction to Psychology (13 decks)

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