Chapter 6 Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Ability to store and retrieve information over time

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

Process of transforming what we perceive, think or feel into an enduring memory

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

Process of maintaining information in memory over time

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

Process of bringing to mind information in memory over time

Question 5

Semantic Encoding

Answer 5

Process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory

Question 6

Visual Imagery Encoding

Answer 6

Process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

Question 7

Organizational Encoding

Answer 7

Process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

Question 8

Sensory Memory

Answer 8

Type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less

Question 9

Iconic Memory

Answer 9

Fast-decaying store of visual information

Question 10

Echoic Memory

Answer 10

Fast-decaying store of auditory information

Question 11

Short-Term Memory

Answer 11

Holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

Question 12

Rehearsal

Answer 12

Process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

Question 13

Chunking

Answer 13

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory

Question 14

Working Memory

Answer 14

Active maintenance of information in short-term storage

Question 15

Long-Term Memory

Answer 15

Type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks or years

Question 16

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 16

Inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store

Question 17

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 17

Inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date

Question 18

Consolidation

Answer 18

Process by which memories become stable in the brain

Question 19

Reconsolidation

Answer 19

Consolidated memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again

Question 20

Long-Term Potentiation

Answer 20

Process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection making further communication easier

Question 21

Retrieval Cue

Answer 21

External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

Question 22

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 22

Retrieval cue an serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initially encoded

Question 23

State-Dependent Retrieval

Answer 23

Tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

Question 24

Transfer-Appropriate Processing

Answer 24

Idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match

Question 25

Retrieval-Induced Forgetting

Answer 25

Process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

Question 26

Explicit Memory

Answer 26

Occurs when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences

Question 27

Implicit Memory

Answer 27

Occurs when past experiences influence later behaviour and performance even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of recollection

Question 28

Procedural Memory

Answer 28

Gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or knowing how to do things

Question 29

Priming

Answer 29

Enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

Question 30

Semantic Memory

Answer 30

Network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Question 31

Episodic Memory

Answer 31

Collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

Question 32

Transcience

Answer 32

Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

Question 33

Retroactive Interference

Answer 33

Situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier

Question 34

Proactive Interference

Answer 34

Situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

Question 35

Absentmindedness

Answer 35

A lapse in attention that results in memory failure

Question 36

Prospective Memory

Answer 36

Remembering to do things in the future

Question 37

Blocking

Answer 37

Failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

Question 38

Memory Misattribution

Answer 38

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

Question 39

Source Memory

Answer 39

Recall of when, where and how information was acquired

Question 40

False Recognition

Answer 40

Feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before

Question 41

Suggestibility

Answer 41

Tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

Question 42

Bias

Answer 42

Distorting influence of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

Question 43

Persistence

Answer 43

Intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

Question 44

Flashbulb Memories

Answer 44

Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events