Chapter 9 - Joints Flashcards
(190 cards)
0
Q
What is a joint?
A
A point of contact between two bones, bone and cartilage or between bone and teeth
1
Q
How do joints contribute to homeostasis?
A
Holding the bone together in ways that allow for movement and flexibility
2
Q
What does it mean if a bone articulates with another bone?
A
That those bones form a joint
3
Q
What is the study of joints called?
A
Arthrology
4
Q
What is the study of motion of the human body called?
A
Kinesiology
5
Q
How are joints classified?
A
Structurally (based on their anatomical characteristics) and
Functionally (based in the type of movement they permit)
6
Q
What two criteria is the structural classification of joints based on?
A
- The presence or absence of a space between the articulating bones
- The type of connective tissue that binds the bones together
7
Q
What are the three types of joints (based on structural classification)?
A
- Fibrous joints
- Cartilaginous joints
- Synovial joints
8
Q
What are fibrous joints?
A
There is no synovial cavity
Bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibres
Permit little or no movement
9
Q
What are cartilaginous joints?
A
There is no synovial cavity
Bones are held together by cartilage
10
Q
What are synovial joints?
A
The bones forming the joint have a synovial cavity
Bones are joined by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule
11
Q
What is a synovial cavity?
A
A space between the articulating bones
12
Q
What is an articular capsule?
A
An envelope surrounding a synovial joint
13
Q
What are the three types of joints (based on functional classification)?
A
- Synarthrosis
- Amphiarthrosis
- Diarthrosis
14
Q
What is a synarthrosis joint?
A
An immovable joint
15
Q
What is an amphiarthrosis joint?
A
A slightly moveable joint
16
Q
What is a diarthrosis joint?
A
A freely moveable joint
17
Q
If a joint is a diarthrosis joint, it is always a ___________ kind of joint.
A
Synovial
18
Q
What are the three kinds of fibrous joints?
A
- Sutures (synarthrosis)
- Syndesmoses (amphiarthrosis)
- Interosseous membranes (amphiarthrosis)
19
Q
What is a suture?
A
Fibrous joint, based on structural classification, synarthrosis
Occur only between bones of the skull
“Seam”
20
Q
What is synostosis?
A
A joint in which there is a complete fusion of separate bones into one
Classified as a synarthrosis - b/c it is immoveable
21
Q
What is a syndesmoses?
A
A fibrous joint, amphiarthrosis
Greater distance between the articulating surfaces
Dense irregular connective tissue between the bones that allow the joint to permit limited movement
22
Q
A syndesmoses joint could also be classified as a _________ joint. Why?
A
Amphiarthroses
B/c the joint allows limited movement
23
Q
What is gomphosis?
A
Cone shaped peg fits into a socket
Teeth!
Example of a syndesmoses joint
24
What is interosseous membrane?
Fibrous joint, amphiarthrosis
| Substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighbouring long bones and permits slight movement
25
Where do you find interosseous membranes?
Between the tibia and fibula
| Between the ulna and radius
26
What are the two kinds of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses
| Symphyses
27
What is a synchondrosis joint?
Cartilaginous joint, synarthrosis
Connecting material is hyaline cartilage
Immovable joint
Example - epiphyseal (growth) plate in a growing bone
28
What is a symphysis joint?
Cartilaginous joint, amphiarthrosis
Ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
Slightly movable joint
Example : pubic symphysis
29
What is the structural difference between a synchondrosis and a symphysis?
Type of cartilage that holds the joint together
Hyaline cartilage in a synchondrosis
Fibrocartilage in a symphysis
30
Where can a symphysis joint be found?
Pubic symphysis between the anterior surfaces of the hip bones
Junction of the manubrium and the sternum
Intervertebral joints between the bodies of the vertebrae
31
What is a synovial joint?
Have a space called the synovial cavity
Allows for considerable movement
Classified as diarthrosis
Contains synovial fluid
32
What is articular cartilage?
A layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the bones at a synovial joint
Reduces friction between the bones, helps absorb shock
33
What is the articular capsule?
Surrounds a synovial joint
Encloses the synovial cavity and unites the articulating bones
Composed of two layers: outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane
34
What two layers make up the articular capsule?
1. Fibrous membrane - attaches to the periosteum of the articulating bones, provides flexibility & movement, prevent bones from dislocating
2. Synovial membrane - areolar connective tissue, includes an accumulation of adipose tissue (articular fat pads)
35
What is a ligament?
Fibrous connective tissue
| Connects bones to other bones
36
What is the functional classification of synovial joints?
Diarthoses - freely movable joints
37
What is "double jointed"?
Do not have extra joints
They have greater flexibility in their articular capsules and ligaments
These joints are less structurally stable and dislocate easily
38
What is synovial fluid?
Viscous, clear or pale yellow fluid
| Forms a thin film over the surfaces within the articular capsule
39
What are the functions of synovial fluid?
Functions to reduce friction by lubricating the joint, absorbing shocks, and supplying oxygen and nutrients to the chondrocytes within the articular cartilage
40
Is cartilage vascular or avascular?
Avascular
41
What are accessory ligaments?
Extracapsular ligaments - lie outside the articular capsule OR Intracapsular ligaments - lie inside the articular capsule
42
What are articular discs? (Also called menisci)
Crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage lie between the articulating surfaces of the bones and are attached to the fibrous capsule
43
What are the functions of the menisci?
1. Shock absorption
2. Better fit between articulating bone surfaces
3. Providing adaptable surfaces for combines movements
4. Weight distribution over a greater contact surface
5. Distribution of synovial lubricant across the articular surfaces of the joint
44
What is the labrum?
Prominent in the ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip
Fibrocartilagous lip that extends from the edge of the joint socket
Helps to deepen the joint socket
Increases the area of contact between the socket over the ball like surface of the head or the humerus or femur
45
What is a sprain?
Forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint that stretches or tears its ligaments but does not dislocate the bones
46
What is a strain?
A stretched or partially torn muscle, often occurs when a muscle contracts powerfully and suddenly
47
What are bursae?
Sac-like structures that are situated to alleviate friction in some joints
(Shoulder, knee joint)
Filled with a small amount of fluid that is similar to synovial fluid
Cushion the movement of body parts against each other
NOT strictly part of synovial joints
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Where can bursae be located?
Between skin and bone, tendons and bones, muscles and bones, and ligaments and bones
49
What is PRICE?
Protection, rest, ice, compression, elevate
| The method to treat a sprain
50
What is a tendon sheath?
Tube-like bursae that wrap around certain tendons that experience considerable friction as they pass through tunnels formed by connective tissue and bone
51
What are the two layers of a tendon sheath?
1. Visceral layer - attached to the surface of the tendon
2. Parietal layer - attached to the bone
Between the layers, contains synovial fluid
52
What is tenosynovitis?
An inflammation of the tendons, tendon sheaths and synovial membranes surrounding certain joints
53
How are the movements at synovial joints grouped?
1. Gliding
2. Angular movements
3. Rotation
4. Special movements (only occurs at certain joints)
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What is gliding?
Simple movement
Flat bone surfaces move back and forth and from side to side with respect to each other
Limited in range
No significant alteration of the angle between the bones
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How do joints receive nourishment?
Arteries near the joints send out numerous branches that penetrate the ligaments and articular capsule to deliver oxygen and nutrients. Veins remove wastes.
Chondrocytes in the articular cartilage of a synovial joint receive oxygen and nutrients from synovial fluid derived from blood
56
What are angular movements?
An increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hypertension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
57
Describe flexion.
Angular movement
Decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Opposite to extension
58
Describe extension.
Angular movement
Increase in the angle between the articulating bones
Opposite to flexion
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What are two examples of joints that permit gliding movements?
Occur at intercarpal joints and at intertarsal joints
60
Give an example of flexion.
Bending the trunk forward at the intervertebral joints
61
Give an example of extension.
Returning a joint to normal anatomical position after flexion.
After moving the humerus forward at the shoulder joint, as in swinging the arms forward when walking, swinging the humerus back to anatomical position
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What are two examples of flexion that do not occur along a sagittal plane?
Flexion of the thumb
| Lateral flexion of the trunk
63
What is hypertension?
Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
64
What is an example of hypertension?
Moving the palm backward at the wrist joint
65
What is lateral flexion?
Movement of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist
Movement occurs along the frontal plane
(Stretching the sides of your abs)
66
How is the hypertension of hinge joints prevented?
Arrangement of ligaments and anatomical alignment of the bones
67
What is abduction?
Movement of a bone away from the midline
| Occurs along frontal plane
68
What is adduction?
Movement of a bone toward the midline
Occurs along frontal plane
*returns the body parts to the anatomical position
69
What is an example of abduction?
Moving the humerus laterally at the shoulder joint
| Arm is level with the ground, palm facing the ground
70
When is the midline NOT used as a point of reference for abduction and adduction?
For the digits
| Middle finger and second toe is used
71
What is abduction of the digits?
Fingers or toes are spread out
72
What is adduction of the digits?
After being spread out, the fingers or toes are brought back to the anatomical position
73
What is circumduction?
Movement of a distal end of a body part in a circle
Continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, adduction
Does not occur on a separate axis
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What is rotation?
When a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
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What is an example of rotation?
When you shake your head "no"
76
What is medial (internal) rotation?
If the anterior surface of a bone of a limb is turned toward the midline
Medially rotate the humerus at the shoulder joint as follows:
Flex your elbow, and then move your palm across your chest
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How do medial and lateral rotation differ?
Anterior surface of a bone or limb rotates toward the midline in medial rotation, and away from the midline in lateral rotation
78
What is lateral (external) rotation?
If the anterior surface of the bone of a limb is turned away from the midline
79
What are the special movements at certain joints? Name them (11)
Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, opposition
80
What movement of the shoulder girdle occurs when you bring your arms forward until the elbows touch?
Protraction
81
What is elevation?
A superior movement of a part of the body
| Example - closing the mouth, shrugging the shoulders,
82
What is depression?
An inferior movement of a part of the body
| Example - opening the mouth, returning shrugged shoulders to anatomical position
83
What is protraction?
A movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane
Example - protract your mandible by thrusting it outward
84
What is retraction?
A movement of a protracted part of the body back to its anatomical position
85
What is inversion?
Movement of the sole medially at the intertarsal joints
| Rotating the sole of the foot upwards and inwards, lifting the big toe
86
What is eversion?
Movement of the sole laterally at the intertarsal joints
| Rotating the sole of the foot outwards and away from the body, lifting up the pinky toe
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What do physical therapists also refer to eversion of the feet as?
Pronation
88
What do physical therapists also refer to inversion of the feet as?
Supination
89
What is dorsiflexion?
Bending of the foot at the ankle or talocrural joint in the direction of the dorsum
(Bending your ankle so your toes point towards your shins)
90
What is plantar flexion?
Bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the plantar (inferior surface)
(Bending your ankle when you point your toes)
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What is supination?
Movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the palm is turned anteriorly
92
What is pronation?
A movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna and the palm is turned posteriorly
93
What is opposition?
The movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand
94
What are the 6 subtypes of synovial joints?
1. Plane joints
2. Hinge joints
3. Pivot joints
4. Condyloid joints
5. Saddle joints
6. Ball-and-socket joints
95
Describe plane joints.
Type of synovial joint
Articulating surfaces of bones in a plane joint are flat or slightly curved
Primarily permit back and forth or side to side movement (may rotate against each other)
Biaxial - movement on two axes
If they rotate, they are triaxial
96
Give an example of a plane joint.
Intercarpal joints
Intertarsal joints
Sternoclavicular joints
97
Describe hinge joints.
Type of synovial joint
Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
Most hinge joints, one bone is fixed, the other moves around an axis
Uniaxial - allow motion around a single axis
98
Give an example of a hinge joint.
Elbow
Ankle
Interphalangeal joints
Knee (modified hinge joint)
99
Describe pivot joints.
Type of synovial joint
The rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament
Uniaxial - allows rotation only around its own longitudinal axis
100
Give an example of a pivot joint.
Atlanto-axial joint - atlas rotates around the axis, allows you to shake your head "no"
Radioulnar joint - allows you to move your hand posteriorly and anteriorly
101
Describe a condyloid joint.
Type of synovial joint
The convex oval shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval shaped depression of another bone
Biaxial - permits movements around two axes
(Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction)
102
Give an example of a condyloid joint.
Radiocaroal (wrist)
| Metacarpophalangeal (between metacarpals and proximal phalanges)
103
Describe a saddle joint.
Type of synovial joint
Articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the "saddle" as a sitting rider would
Biaxial - flexion-extension, abduction-adduction
104
Give an example of a saddle joint.
Carpometacarpal joint between the trapezium of the carpus and the metacarpal of the thumb
105
Describe a ball-and-socket joint.
Type of synovial joint
Ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cup-like depression of another bone
Triaxial
106
Give an example of a ball-and-socket joint.
Shoulder joint
| Hip joint
107
What is ROM? (Range of motion)
Refers to the range, measured in degrees of a circle, through which the bones of a joint can be moved
108
What factors affect the range of motion of joints?
1. Structure and shape of articulating bones
2. Strength and tension of joint ligaments
3. Arrangement and tension of muscles
4. Contact of soft parts
5. Hormones
6. Disuse
109
Describe the suture joint.
Between skull bones
Fibrous (structurally)
Amphiarthrosis and synarthrosis (functionally)
No movement
110
Describe the Atlanto-occipital joint.
Between superior articular facets of atlas and occipital condyles of occipital bone
Synovial (condyloid)
Diarthrosis
Flexion and extension of the head
Slight lateral flexion of head to either side
111
Describe the atlanto-axial joint.
1. Between the dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas: Synovial (pivot)
2. Between lateral masses of atlas and axis: synovial (plantar)
Diarthrosis
Rotation of head
112
What is the intervertebral joint?
1. Between vertebral bodies: cartilaginous (symphysis), amphiarthrosis
2. Between vertebral arches: synovial (planar), diarthrosis
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation of vertebral column
113
What is the vertebrocostal joint?
1. Between facets of heads of ribs and facets of bodies of adjacent thoracic vertebrae
2. Between articular part of tubercles of ribs and facets of transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae
Synovial (planar), diarthrosis
Slight gliding
114
What is the sternocostal joint?
Between the sternum and first seven pairs of ribs
Cartilaginous (synchondrosis) - between first pair of ribs, synarthrosis, no movement
Synovial (plane) - between second and seventh ribs, diarthrosis, slight gliding
115
What is the lumbosacral joint?
1. Between the body of 5th lumbar vertebra and base of sacrum, cartilaginous (symphysis), amphiarthrosis
2. Between inferior articular facets of 5th lumbar vertebra and superior articular facets of first vertebra if sacrum, synovial (planar), diarthrosis
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation of the vertebral column
116
What is the Sternoclavicular joint?
Between Sternal end of clavicle, manubrium of sternum and first costal cartilage
Synovial, plane and pivot
Diarthrosis
Gliding, limited movement
117
What is the acromioclavicular joint?
Between acromion of scapula and acromial end of clavicle
Synovial (plane)
Diarthrosis
Gliding and rotation of scapula on clavicle
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What is the radiocarpal joint?
Wrist
Between the distal end of radius and scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum of carpus
Synovial (condyloid)
Diarthrosis
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, slight hyperextension
119
What is the intercarpal joint?
Between proximal row of carpal bones, distal row of carpal bones, and between both rows of carpal bones
Synovial (plane) diarthrosis
Gliding, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, slight rotation
120
What is carpometacarpal joint?
Joint of the thumb, between trapezium of carpus and first metacarpal
Joints of remaining digits formed between carpus and 2-5 metacarpals
Synovial (saddle at thumb, plane at remaining digits)
Diarthrosis
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction at thumb, gliding at remaining digits
121
What is the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsalphalangeal joint(s)?
Between the heads of metacarpals (or metatarsals) and bases of proximal phalanges
Synovial (condyloid)
Diarthrosis
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction of phalanges
122
What is the interphalangeal joint?
Between the head of phalanges and bases of more distal phalanges
Synovial (hinge)
Diarthrosis
Flexion and extension of phalanges
123
What is the sacroiliac joint?
Between the auricular surface of sacrum and ilia of hip bones
Synovial (plane)
Diarthrosis
Slight gliding (even more so during pregnancy)
124
What is the pubic symphysis joint?
Between anterior surfaces of the hip bones
Cartilaginous (symphysis)
Amphiarthrosis
Slight movements, even more so during pregnancy
125
What is the tibiofibular joint?
Proximal tibiofibular joint between lateral condyle of tibia and head of fibula, synovial (plane), diarthrosis, slight gliding
Distal tibiofibular joint between distal end of fibula and fibular notch of tibia, fibrous (syndesmosis), amphiarthrosis, slight rotation
126
What is the talocrural joint?
Ankle
1. Between the distal end of tibia and its medial malleolus and talus
2. Between lateral malleolus of fibula and talus
Synovial (hinge)
Diarthrosis
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot
127
What is the intertarsal joint?
1. Subtalar joint between talus and calcaneus of tarsus, synovial (plane)
2. Talocalcaneonavicular joint between talus and calcaneus and navicular of tarsus, synovial (plane)
3. Calcaneocuboid joint between calcaneus and cuboid of tarsus, synovial (saddle)
Diarthrosis
Inversion and eversion of foot
128
What is the tarsometatarsal joint?
Between the three cuneiforms of tarsus and bases of 5 metatarsal bones
Synovial (plane)
Diarthrosis
Slight gliding
129
What is the TMJ joint?
Temporomandibular joint
Combined hinge and planer joint formed by the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone
130
What is special about the TMJ joint?
It is the only freely movable joint between skull bones
131
What are the 5 anatomical components of the TMJ joint?
1. Articular disc
2. Articular capsule
3. Lateral ligament
4. Sphenomandibular ligament
5. Stylomandibular ligament
132
What movements can the TMJ do?
Depression (jaw opening)
Elevation (jaw closing)
Protraction, retraction, lateral displacement, slight rotation
133
What is a dislocation?
Displacement of a bone from a joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons or articular capsules
134
Which ligaments prevent displacement of the mandible?
The lateral ligament prevents displacement of the mandible
135
What is the shoulder joint?
Ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Also called the humeroscapular or glenohumeral joint
136
What are the anatomical components of the shoulder joint?
1. Articular capsule
2. Coracohumeral ligament
3. Glenohumeral ligaments
4. Transverse humeral ligament
5. Glenoid labrum
6. Bursae
137
What are the 4 bursae associated with the shoulder joint?
1. Subscapsular bursa
2. Subdeltoid bursa
3. Subacromial bursa
4. Subcoracoid bursa
138
What movements does the shoulder joint allow?
Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction
139
What is special about the shoulder joint?
It allows more free movement than any other joint in the body
Results from looseness of the articular capsule and shallowness of the glenoid cavity in relation to the large size of the head of the humerus
140
What do the rotator cuff muscles do?
Work as a group to hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity
141
What is a dislocated shoulder?
The head of the humerus becomes displaced inferiorly, where the articular capsule is least protected
142
What is a separated shoulder?
Not an injury to the shoulder joint
Actually refers to an injury in the acromioclavicular joint
(Formed by the acromion of the scapula and the acromial end of the clavicle)
143
What is a torn glenoid labrum?
Where the fibrocartilaginous labrum may tear away from the glenoid cavity
Must be reattached surgically
144
What is the elbow joint?
A hinge joint formed by the trochlea and capitulum of the humerus, the trochlear notch of the ulna and the head of the radius
145
What are the anatomical components of the elbow joint?
1. Articular capsule
2. Ulnar collateral ligament
3. Radial collateral ligament
4. Anular ligament of the radius
146
What movements does the elbow joint allow?
Flexion and extension of the forearm
147
What is tennis elbow?
Pain, at or near the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, usually caused by an improperly executed backhand
Extensor muscles sprain or strain
148
What is little league elbow?
Inflammation of the medial epicondyle, typically from heavy pitching
149
What is the most common upper limb dislocation in children?
Dislocation of the radial head
Head of the radius slides past or ruptures the radial anular ligament
Happens when a strong pull is applied to the forearm while it is extended and supinated
150
Which ligaments connect the
(A) humerus and the ulna?
(B) humerus and the radius?
(A) ulnar-collateral ligament (medial collateral ligament) and the lateral-collateral ligament (radial collateral ligament)
(B) anular ligament of the radius
151
What is the hip joint? (Coxal joint)
Ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone
152
What are the anatomical components of the hip joint?
1. Articular capsule
2. Iliofemoral ligament
3. Pubofemoral ligament
4. Ischiofemoral ligament
5. Ligament of the head of the femur
6. Acetabular labrum
153
Which ligaments limit the degree of extension that is possible at the coxal joint?
Tension in three ligaments -
1. Iliofemoral
2. Pubofemoral
3. Ischiofemoral
154
What movements does the coxal joint allow?
Flexion, extension, abudction, adduction, circumduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation of the thigh
155
How is flexion limited at the hip joint?
By the anterior surface of the thigh coming into contact with the anterior abdominal wall when the knee is flexed
By the tension of the hamstring muscles when the knee is extended
156
How is extension limited at the hip joint?
By tension of the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments
157
How is abduction limited at the hip joint?
By the tension of the pubofemoral ligament
158
How is adduction limited at the hip joint?
By contact with the opposite limb and tension in the ligament of the head of the femur
159
How is medial rotation limited at the hip joint?
By the tension of the ischiofemoral ligament
160
How is lateral rotation limited at the hip joint?
By tension in the iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments
161
What is the tibiofemoral joint?
Knee joint
Largest and most complex joint of the body
Modified hinge joint (primary movement is uniaxial) that consists of three joints within a single synovial cavity
162
What are the three joints in the tibiofemoral joints?
1. Laterally is the tibiofemoral joint, between the lateral condyle of the femur, lateral meniscus and lateral condyle of the tibia
2. Medially is another tibiofemoral joint, between the medial condyle of the femur, medial meniscus and medial condyle of the tibia
3. Intermediate patellofemoral joint is between the patella and the patellar surface of the femur
163
What are the anatomical components of the knee joint?
1. Articular capsule
2. Medial and lateral patellar retinacula
3. Patellar ligament
4. Oblique popliteal ligament
5. Arcuate popliteal ligament
6. Tibia collateral ligament
7. Fibular collateral ligament
8. Intracapsular ligaments
9. Articular discs
10. Bursae
164
What are the two Intracapsular ligaments of the knee joint?
1. Anterior cruciate ligament ACL - limits hyperextension
| 2. Posterior cruciate ligament PCL
165
What are the two articular discs of the knee joint?
1. Medial meniscus
| 2. Lateral meniscus
166
What are the important bursae of the knee?
1. Prepatellar bursa
2. Infrapatellar bursa
3. Suprapatellar bursa
167
Why is the knee joint most vulnerable to damage?
It is a mobile, weight-bearing joint
Stability depends almost entirely on its associated ligaments and muscles
No complementary fit between the articulating bones
168
What movement occurs at the knee joint when the anterior thigh muscles contract?
Causes extension at the knee joint
169
What does the PCL prevent?
Posterior sliding of the tibia and anterior sliding of the femur when the knee is flexed
170
What does the ACL prevent?
Hyperextension of the knee
| Prevents anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur
171
What happens to joints as you age?
Deceased production of synovial fluid
Articular cartilage becomes thinner
Ligaments shorten and lose flexibility
172
What minimizes the effects of aging on joints?
Stretching and aerobic exercise that attempt to maintain full range of motion
173
What is arthroplasty?
Surgical replacement of joints with artificial ones
174
What does a partial hip replacement involve?
Only the femur
175
What does a total hip replacement involve?
Both the acetabulum and head of the femur
176
What is a total knee replacement?
Damaged cartilage is removed from the distal end of the femur, the proximal end of the tibia and the back surface of the patella
Femur is reshaped, fitted with a metal femoral component
Tibia is reshaped, fitted with a plastic tibial component
If the patella is badly damaged, it is replaced with a plastic component
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What is a partial knee replacement?
Also called a unicompartmental knee replacement
| Only one side of the knee joint is replaced
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Which joints in the body most commonly undergo arthroplasty?
Hips, knees and shoulders
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What is the purpose of arthroplasty?
Relieve joint pain and permit greater range of motion
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What is rheumatism?
Painful disorder of bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles
| Not caused by infection or injury
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What is arthritis?
A form of rheumatism
| Joints are swollen, stiff, and painful
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What is osteoarthritis?
Degenerative disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost
Wear and tear arthritis
First afflicts larger joints
Mainly affects the articular cartilage
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What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoimmune disease that attacks cartilage and joint linings
If the articular cartilage is destroyed completely, fibrous tissue ossified and fuses the joint so that it becomes immovable
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What is gouty arthritis?
Sodium urate crystals are deposited in the soft tissues of the joint
Crystals irritate and erode the cartilage
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What is Lyme disease?
Happens after a tick bite
| Arthritis is the main complication
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What is ankylosing spondylitis?
Inflammatory disease of unknown origin
Affects joints of the vertebrae and between sacrum and hip bone
Can lead to complete loss of movement in the joint or a hunchback
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What is arthralgia?
Pain in a joint
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What is chondritis?
Inflammation of cartilage
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What is a subluxation?
A partial or incomplete dislocation
