Chapter 1 - Introduction Flashcards
(171 cards)
0
Q
What is dissection?
A
The careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships
1
Q
What is anatomy?
A
The science of body structures and the relationships among them
2
Q
What is physiology?
A
The science of body functions, how they work
3
Q
What is embryology?
A
Study of the first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of the human egg
4
Q
What is developmental biology?
A
The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death
5
Q
What is cell biology?
A
Study of cellular structure and function
6
Q
What is histology?
A
Study of microscopic structure of tissues
7
Q
What is gross anatomy?
A
Study of structures that can be studied without a microscope
8
Q
What is systemic anatomy?
A
Study of structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory system
9
Q
What is regional anatomy?
A
Study of specific regions of the body such as head or chest
10
Q
What is radiographic anatomy?
A
Study of body structures that can be visualized with X-rays
11
Q
What is pathological anatomy?
A
Study of structural changes (gross to microscope) associated with disease
12
Q
What is surface anatomy?
A
Study of surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation
13
Q
What is neurophysiology?
A
Study of functional properties of nerve cells
14
Q
What is endocrinology?
A
Study of hormones and how they control body functions
15
Q
What is cardiovascular physiology?
A
Study of functions of the heart and blood vessels
16
Q
What is immunology?
A
Study of the body’s defences against disease-causing agents
17
Q
What is respiratory physiology?
A
Study of functions of the air passageways and lungs
18
Q
What is renal physiology?
A
Study of functions of the kidneys
19
Q
What is exercise physiology?
A
Study of changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity
20
Q
What is pathophysiology?
A
Study of functional changes associated with disease and aging
21
Q
What are the 6 levels of structural organization in the human body? Describe them.
A
- Chemical level - include atoms and molecules
- Cellular level - molecules combine to form cells, basic units of the body
- Tissue level - groups of cells that work together for a specific function
- Organ level - structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues, they have a specific function
- System level - related organs with a common function (digestive system)
- Organism level - any living individual
22
Q
What are the 4 different kinds of tissue?
A
- Epithelial tissue - covers body surfaces, lines hollows & cavities and forms glands
- Connective tissue - connects, supports and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues
- Muscular tissue - contracts to make body parts move, generates heat
- Nervous tissue - carries info from one part of the body to another
23
Q
What are the 11 systems of the human body?
A
- Integumentary system - skin, hair, fingernails
- Skeletal system - bones and joints
- Muscular system - muscle attached to bone
- Nervous system - brain, spinal cord, nerves
- Endocrine system - hormone producing glands
- Cardiovascular system - blood, heart, and blood vessels
- Lymphatic system - lymphatic fluid & vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils
- Respiratory system - lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes
- Digestive system - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
- Urinary system - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- Reproductive system - gonads, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis
24
What is a noninvasive diagnostic technique?
Doesn't involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening
25
What is an inspection?
Examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal
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What is palpation?
Gentle touching (during examination)
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What is auscultation?
Listening to body sounds
28
What is percussion?
Examiner taps the body surface and listens to the resulting echo
29
What are the 6 most important life processes?
1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Growth
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction
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What is metabolism?
Sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
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What is catabolism?
The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler compounds
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What is anabolism?
Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
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What is responsiveness?
The body's ability to detect and respond to changes
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What is growth?
Increase in the size of cells or the number of cells
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What is differentiation?
Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
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What are stem cells?
Precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
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What is reproduction?
1. Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement OR
2. The production of a new individual
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What is an autopsy?
An examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to determine or confirm cause of death
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What is homeostasis?
The condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes
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What are body fluids?
Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them
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What is ICF?
Intercellular fluid - fluid within cells
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What is ECF?
Extracellular fluid - fluid outside body cells
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What is interstitial fluid?
ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues
44
What two body systems usually correct and maintain homeostasis?
Nervous system - sends electrical signals known as nerve impulses to organs. Faster but doesn't last as long
Endocrine system - includes many glands that secrete hormones into the blood. Slower but last longer
45
What is a feedback system and what are its parts?
A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re monitored, re evaluted, and so on.
1. Receptor
2. Control center
3. Effector
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What is a receptor (feedback system)?
Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center
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What is a control center (feedback system)?
A control centre in the body that sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained (set point), evaluates inputs received from receptors, and generates output commands to effectors
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What is an effector?
A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
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What is a negative feedback system?
It reverses a change in a controlled condition.
| The activity of the effector negates the original stimulus
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What is a positive feedback system?
It tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions.
The effector produces a physiological response that adds to or reinforces the initial change in a controlled condition
Must be interrupted by some mechanism to be stopped (childbirth)
51
What is a disorder?
Any abnormality of structure or function
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What is disease?
A more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
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What are symptoms?
Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer (headache, nausea, anxiety)
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What are signs?
Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure (swelling, rash, high BP)
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What is epidemiology?
Study of when, why, where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community
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What is pharmacology?
Study of the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
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What is a diagnosis?
The science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another.
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What is the anatomical position?
The subject stands erect facing the observer, head level, eyes facing forward. Feet are flat on the floor, directed forward and the upper limbs are at the sides with palms turned forward.
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Describe the prone position.
Body is lying down, face down
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Describe the supine position.
The body is lying down, face up
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What are the 5 principal regions?
Head - face & skull
Neck
Trunk - chest, abdomen, and pelvis
Upper limbs - shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist and hand
Lower limbs - buttock, thigh, leg, ankle and foot
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What is the anatomical name for head?
Cephalic
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What is the anatomical name for neck?
Cervical
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What is the anatomical name for foot?
Pedal
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What is the anatomical name for armpit?
Axilliary
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What is the anatomical name for arm?
Brachial
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What is the anatomical name for front of the elbow?
Antecubital
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What is the anatomical name for the forearm?
Antebrachial
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What is the anatomical name for the wrist?
Carpal
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What is the anatomical name for the palm?
Palmar or volar
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What is the anatomical name for the fingers?
Digital or phalangeal
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What is the anatomical name for the skull?
Cranial
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What is the anatomical name for the face?
Facial
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What is the anatomical name for the forehead?
Frontal
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What is the anatomical name for the temple?
Temporal
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What is the anatomical name for the eye?
Orbital or ocular
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What is the anatomical name for the ear?
Otic
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What is the anatomical name for the cheek?
Buccal
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What is the anatomical name for the nose?
Nasal
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What is the anatomical name for the mouth?
Oral
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What is the anatomical name for the chin?
Mental
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What is the anatomical name for the breastbone?
Sternal
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What is the anatomical name for the breast?
Mammary
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What is the anatomical name for the hip?
Coxal
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What is the anatomical name for the groin?
Inguinal
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What is the anatomical name for the thumb?
Pollex
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What is the anatomical name for the hand?
Manual
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What is the anatomical name for the chest?
Thoracic
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What is the anatomical name for the abdomen?
Abdominal
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What is the anatomical name for the pelvis?
Pelvic
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What is the anatomical name for the thigh?
Femoral
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What is the anatomical name for the anterior surface of the knee?
Patellar
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What is the anatomical name for the leg?
Crural
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What is the anatomical name for the foot?
Pedal
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What is the anatomical name for the ankle?
Tarsal
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What is the anatomical name for toes?
Digital or phalangeal
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What is the anatomical name for pubis?
Pubic
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What is the anatomical name for the top of the foot?
Dorsum
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What is the anatomical name for the big toe?
Hallux
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What is the anatomical name for the base of the skull?
Occipital
101
What is the anatomical name for the shoulder?
Acromial
102
What is the anatomical name for the shoulder blade?
Scapular
103
What is the anatomical name for the spinal column?
Vertebral
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What is the anatomical name for the back of the elbow?
Olecranal or cubital
105
What is the anatomical name for between the hips?
Sacral
106
What is the anatomical name for the tailbone?
Coccygeal
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What is the anatomical name for the loin?
Lumbar
108
What is the anatomical name for the buttock?
Gluteal
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What is the anatomical name for the region between the external genitals and the anus?
Perineal
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What is the anatomical name for the back of the hand?
Dorsum
111
What is the anatomical name for the hollow behind the knee?
Popliteal
112
What is the anatomical name for the calf?
Sural
113
What is the anatomical name for the sole?
Plantar
114
What is the anatomical name for the heel?
Calcaneal
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Describe the direction term: superior
Toward the head, the upper part of a structure
116
Describe the direction term: inferior
Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure
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Describe the direction term: anterior
Nearer to or at the front of the body
| Also called ventral in humans
118
Describe the direction term: posterior
Nearer to or at the back of the body
| Also called dorsal in humans
119
Describe the direction term: medial
Nearer to the midline
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What is the midline?
Imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides
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Describe the direction term: lateral
Farther from the midline
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Describe the direction term: intermediate
Between two structures
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Describe the direction term: ipsilateral
On the same side of the body as another structure
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Describe the direction term: contralateral
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
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Describe the direction term: proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to the originator of a structure
126
Describe the direction term: distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, farther from the ordination of a structure
127
Describe the direction term: superficial
Toward or on the surface of the body
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Describe the direction term: deep (internal)
Away from the surface of the body
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What is the sagittal plane?
Vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides
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What is the midsagittal plane (median plane)?
Divides the body or organ into EQUAL left and right sides, also called the midline
131
What is a parasagittal plane?
Vertical line that divides the body or organ into UNEQUAL left and right sides
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What is the frontal (coronal plane)?
Divides the body or and organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
133
What is a transverse plane?
Divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
134
What are the other names for a transverse plane?
1. Cross-sectional
| 2. Horizontal
135
What is an oblique plane?
Passes through the body or organ at an oblique angle (not a 90-degree angle)
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What are body cavities?
Spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs
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What body cavity contains the brain?
Cranial cavity
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What body cavity contains the spinal cord?
Vertebral (spinal) canal
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What body cavity contains the chest?
Thoracic cavity - ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum, thoracic portion of the vertebral column
140
What body cavity contains the heart?
Pericardial cavity
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What body cavity contains each lung?
Pleural cavities
142
What body cavity contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus?
Mediastinum
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What three cavities are in the thoracic cavity?
1. Pleural
2. Pericardial
3. Mediastinum
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What two body cavities are in the abdominopelvic cavity?
1. Abdominal cavity
| 2. Pelvic cavity
145
What is the diaphragm?
A dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
146
What body cavity contains the stomach, spleen, liver, glad bladder, intestines?
Abdominal cavity
147
What body cavity contains the urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, reproductive organs?
Pelvic cavity
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What are the organs called inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Viscera
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What is a membrane?
A thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures
150
What is the serous membrane?
Covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and line the walls of the thorax and abdomen
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What are the two parts of a serous membrane?
1. Parietal - thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities
2. Visceral - thin epithelium that covers and adhere to the viscera within the cavity
152
What is the pleura?
The serous membrane if the pleural cavities
153
What is the pericardium?
The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity
154
What is the peritoneum?
The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
155
What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?
1. Right hypochondriac region
2. Right lumbar region
3. Right Inguinal region
4. Epigastric region
5. Umbilical region
6. Hypo gastric region
7. Left hypochondriac region
8. Left lumbar region
9. Left Inguinal region
156
What are the 4 lines drawn to make the 9 abdominopelvic regions?
1. Subcostal line
2. Transtubercular line
3. Left midclavicular line
4. Right midclavicular line
157
What are the 4 quadrants?
1. Right upper
2. Right lower
3. Left upper
4. Left lower
158
What is medical imaging?
Refers to techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body
159
What is radiography?
X-Rays passes through the body, two-dimensional image
Inexpensive, quick, simple
Does not pass through dense structures (bones)
160
What is an angiography?
Contrast X-ray used to image blood vessels
161
What is an intravenous urography?
Contrast X-ray used to image the urinary system
162
What is a barium contrast X-ray examine?
The gastrointestinal tract
163
What is an MRI?
Body is exposed to a high-energy magnetic field, which causes protons in body fluids and tissues to arrange themselves in relation to the field
Relatively safe, cannot be used if there is metal in the body
Shows fine details of soft tissues, not bones.
164
What is a DTI?
Diffusion tensor imaging - variation of MRI that tracks the movement of water molecules
Used in diagnosis of addictions, epilepsy, brain tumors, traumatic break injury, stroke, ms
Provides images of the brains white matter
165
What is a CT?
Computed tomography - X-ray beam traces an arc at multiple angles around a section of the body
Visualizes soft tissues and organs, multiple scans can produce a 3d image
166
What is a coronary computed tomography angiography scan?
Used to see coronary artery blockages
Iodine containing contrast medium is injected into a vein and a beta blocker is given to decrease the heart beat
Numerous X-rays trace an arc around the heart
3d image
167
What is an ultrasound?
Sound waves produced by a handheld wand reflect off body tissues, image can be still or moving
Safe, noninvasive, painless, no dyes
Used to see fetus
168
What is a PET?
Positron emission tomography - substance that emits positrons is injected into the body where it is taken up by the tissues
Used to study physiology of a body structure - metabolism in the brain or heart
169
What is radionuclide scanning?
A radioactive substance that is introduced intravenously
| Used to study activity of a tissue or organ such as searching for malignant tumors in body tissue or organs
170
What is an endoscopy?
Visual examination of the inside of body organs or cavities using a lighted instrument with camera
