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A&P > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

____ are responsible for all structural and functional properties of a living organism.

A

Cells

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2
Q

Scientific study of cells.

A

Cytology

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3
Q
  • All organisms are composed of cells & cell products.
  • The cell is the simplest structural & functional unit of life.
  • Organism’s structure & function are due to the activities of its cells.
  • Cells only come from pre existing cells
A

Modern Cell Theory

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4
Q

Thin & flat with nucleus creating bulge- large surface area.

A

Squamous

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5
Q

Irregularly angular shapes with 4 or more sides.

A

Polygonal

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6
Q

Star like shape.

A

Stellate

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7
Q

Squarish and about as tall as it is wide.

A

Cuboidal

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8
Q

Taller than it is wide.

A

Columnar

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9
Q

Round to oval

A

Spheroid to Ovoid

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10
Q

Disc-shaped

A

Discoid

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11
Q

Thick in middle, tapered toward the end

A

Fusiform

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12
Q

Thread like shape

A

Fibrous

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13
Q

10-15 micrometers in diameter

A

Human Cell

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14
Q

Why are some cells smaller?

A

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

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15
Q

Cell growth increases ____ more than _____.

A

Volume; Surface Area

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16
Q

_____ takes longer if cells are larger

A

Diffusion

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17
Q

Everything between the nucleus and surface membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

Liquid outside the nucleus

A

Cytosol

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19
Q

The ability to reveal detail

A

Resolution

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20
Q

Zooming in on a picture

A

Magnification

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21
Q

___ made up of proteins and phospholipids and cholesterol

A

Plasma Membrane

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22
Q

Organelles, cytoskeleton, cytosol (ICF)

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

Fluid outside of the cell

A

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

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24
Q
  • Selectively permeable, phospholipid bilayer
  • defines cell boundaries
  • controls passage of materials
  • A barrier and a gateway between the cytoplasm and ECF
A

The Plasma Membrane

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25
Q

Side that faces cytoplasm

A

Intracellular Face

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26
Q

Side that faces outward

A

Extracellular Face

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27
Q

Molecules arranged in a bilayer

A

Amphiphilic

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28
Q

Phosphate heads face water on each side of membrane

A

Hydrophilic

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29
Q

Tails are directed toward the center- avoid water

A

Hydrophobic

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30
Q

_____ have to have a neutral charge

A

Membrane Proteins

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31
Q
  • ‘Lock and Key’
  • Cell communication via chemical signals
  • Surface proteins on plasma membrane of target cell
  • Protein receptor—-> second messenger systems
A

Receptors

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32
Q

Breakdown chemical messengers and hormones, whose job is done.

A

Enzymes

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33
Q

Transmembrane proteins with pores that allow water and dissolved ions to pass through membrane can____.

A

Increase or Decrease the Number of Proteins

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34
Q

(always open) Ion Channels, Gated Ion Channels, some channel proteins with bigger openings for larger molecules to pass through.

A

Diffusion

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35
Q
  • Consumes ATP

- Low—> High Concentration

A

Carrier Pumps

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36
Q

Enables body to identify which cells belong to it using carbohydrate chain

A

Cell- Identity Markers

37
Q

Adhere cells to each other and to extracellular material

A

Cell- Adhesion Molecules (cAMs)

38
Q
  • Fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane

- Cell identity markers collectively together

A

Glycocalyx

39
Q
  • Serves to increase cell’s surface area

- On some cells they are very dense and appear as fringe “brush border”

A

Microvilli

40
Q
  • Move fluid on outside of cell

- Single, nonmotile primary cilium- like an antenna to detect if something is coming/ going to change.

A

Cilia

41
Q

Tail of Sperm (moves it)

A

Flagella

42
Q
  • Requires no ATP

- Movement from high–> low

A

Passive Transport

Membrane Transport

43
Q
  • Consumes ATP

- Movement from low–> high

A

Active Transport

Membrane Transport

44
Q

Mediated mechanisms use membrane protein to transport from one side of membrane to the other.

A

Carrier

Membrane Transport

45
Q

Parties are driven through membrane by hydrostatic pressure

A

Filtration

46
Q
  • High concentration to low concentration
  • Passive Transport
  • Diffusion through lipid bilayer- in between phospholipids
  • Diffusion through channel proteins- ‘gate’ that cells control
  • cells control proteins by opening & closing gates
A

Simple Diffusion

47
Q
  • Movement of water

- Water—> Hypertonic Solution

A

Osmosis

48
Q

Channel proteins in membrane specialized for passage of water

A

Aquaporins

49
Q

Low concentration

cell absorb water, swell, & may burst

A

Hypotonic Solution

50
Q

High concentration

cell lose water, may shrivel

A

Hypertonic Solution

51
Q

Equalibrium

A

Isotonic Solution

52
Q

Carries only one solute at a time

A

Uniport

53
Q

Carries 2 or more solutes in same direction

co-transport

A

Symport

54
Q

Carries 2 or more solutes in opposite directions

counter- transport

A

Antiport

55
Q

High Concentration—> Low Concentration

A

Facilitated Diffusion

56
Q

Low Concentration—> High Concentration

sodium potassium pump– Antiport

A

Active Transport

57
Q

The Sodium Potassium Pump can move molecules in/ out of a cell instead of having water move. This is part of the _____.

A

Regulation of Cell Volume

58
Q
  • Movement of particles using vesicles

- Requires ATP

A

Vesicular Transport

59
Q

Consumes ATP & produces heat

A

Heat Production

60
Q
  • Temperature: higher, motion of particles faster
  • Molecular weight: larger molecules move slower
  • Steepness of concentrated gradient: bigger difference, higher rate
  • Membrane surface area: bigger area, higher rate
  • Membrane permeability: more permeability, faster the rate
A

Factors that affect Diffusion Rate through a membrane

61
Q
  • Bring material into cell

- Requires ATP

A

Endocytosis

62
Q
  • “Cell Eating” engulfing large particles

- Requires ATP

A

Phagocytosis

63
Q
  • “Cell Drinking” taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell
  • Requires ATP
A

Pinocytosis

64
Q
  • Discharging material from the cell

- Requires ATP

A

Exocytosis

65
Q
  • Determines the shape of cell
  • Gives structural support
  • Directs movement
A

Cytoskeleton

66
Q

Nucleus, mitochondria, Lysosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Complex

A

Membranous Organelles

67
Q

Ribosomes

A

Non-membranous Organelles

68
Q

Function: stores DNA

A

Nucleus

69
Q

2 unit membranes surround nucleus

A

Nuclear Envelope

70
Q

Material in nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

71
Q

Threadlike matter composed of DNA

A

Chromatin

72
Q

Dark masses where ribosomes are produced

A

Nucleou

73
Q

Transcription (DNA–> RNA)

A

Nucleus

74
Q

Function: Assist in forming & packaging proteins

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

75
Q

Functions: Produces phospholipids & Synthesizes proteins

Most Ribosomes are found here

A

Rough ER

76
Q

Function: Synthesizes steroids & lipids, detoxifies alcohol, manufactures all membranes of cell
Lacks Ribosomes

A

Smooth ER

77
Q

Function: Build proteins, read genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins
(made from proteins & RNA)

A

Ribosomes

78
Q

Function: Modifies proteins

A

Golgi Complex

79
Q

Function: Bundle up synthesized proteins

most leave cell others stay and become lysosomes

A

Golgi Vesicles

80
Q

Function: Destroy/ help destroy things that aren’t supposed to be there or don’t function anymore.

A

Lysosomes

81
Q

Digest and dispose other organelles

A

Autophagy

82
Q

“Cell Suicide”- destroy themselves

A

Autolysis

83
Q

Function: Get rid of hydrogen peroxide & neutralize free radicals
-in all cells but abundant in liver &kidney

A

Peroxisomes

84
Q

Function: organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP
Glucose–> ATP
“Power Plant”

A

Mitochondria

85
Q

Function: -Anchors the Cilia & Flagella to the rest of the cell
- Makes sure the chromosomes move where they need to during cell division

A

Centrioles & Centrosomes

86
Q

Eukaryotic cells engulf others but doesn’t destroy them

A

Endosymbiotic Theory

87
Q

Function: Store Cellular Products

-Not essential for cell survival & never enclosed in membrane

A

Inclusions

88
Q

Glycogen granules, pigments (skin cells & hemoglobin), Fat droplets (excess energy)

A

Stored Cellular Products

89
Q

Viruses, dust particles, bacteria, debris

A

Foreign Bodies

A&P (9 decks)

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