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A&P > Chapter 10, 11, 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 10, 11, 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

What are the two functions of muscles?

A

Movement and Stability

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3
Q

Internal muscular rings that control the movement of food, bile, and other materials.

A

Sphincters

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4
Q

___ of your body heat is produced by skeletal muscles

A

85%

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5
Q

Slightly thicker layer of connective tissue on outside winning of fascicle

A

Perimysium

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6
Q

Thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber.
Allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

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7
Q

Fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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8
Q

Sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous tissue

A

Fascia

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9
Q

Tendons bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony attachments
Muscle to bone

A

Indirect

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10
Q

____ ____ of the end-, peri-, and epimysium continue into this tendon

A

Collagen Fibers

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11
Q

Attachment to bone with no tendon

Little separation between muscle and bone

A

Direct (Fleshy)

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12
Q

Bony attachment at stationary end of muscle

A

Origin

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13
Q

Thicker, middle region of muscle between origin and insertion

A

Belly

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14
Q

Bony attachment to mobile end of muscle

A

Insertion

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15
Q

To chemical signals, stretch, and electrical changes across the plasma membrane

A

Responsiveness

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16
Q

Electrical

Local electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber

A

Conductivity

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17
Q

Contracts

Shortens when stimulated

A

Contractility

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18
Q

Stretched

Capable of being stretched between contractions

A

Extensibility

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19
Q

Recoil

Returns to its original resting length after being stretched

A

Elasticity

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20
Q

Voluntary, stated muscle attached to one or more bones

A

Skeletal Muscle

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21
Q

Alternating light and dark transverse bands

A

Striations

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22
Q

Usually subject to conscious control

A

Voluntary

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23
Q

As long as 30 cm

A

Muscle Cell, Muscle Fiber (myocyte)

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24
Q

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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25
Q

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

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26
Q

Bundles of proteins

Long protein bundles that occupy the main portion of the sarcoplasm

A

Myofibrils

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27
Q

Stores sugar

Stored in abundance to provide energy with heightened exercise

A

Glycogen

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28
Q

Red pigment; stores oxygen needed for muscle activity

A

Myoglobin

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29
Q

Flattened nuclei pressed against the inside of the sarcolemma

A

Multiple Nuclei

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30
Q

Stem cells that fuse to form each muscle

Muscle building cells

A

Myoblasts

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31
Q

Unspecialized myoblasts remaining between the muscle fiber and endomysium

A

Satellite Cells

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32
Q

Packed into spaces between myofibrils

Produces ATP

A

Mitochondria

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33
Q

Contractile park of muscles

A

Sarcomere (sarco)

34
Q

Smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril calcium reservoir

A 
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- new name
35
Q

Calcium activates the muscle contraction process

A

Calcium Reservoir

36
Q

Dilated end- sacs of SR which cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other

A

Terminal Cisternae

37
Q

Tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma which penetrate through the cell and emerge on the other side

A

T Tubules

38
Q

A T tubule and two terminal cisterns

A

Traid

39
Q

Made of several hundred myosin molecules

Golf club shape

A

Thick Filaments

40
Q

Two intertwined strands

A

Fibrous (F) Actin

41
Q

String of ________ subunits each with an active that can bind to head of myosin molecule

A

Globular (G) Actin

42
Q

Each blocking six or seven active sites on G actin subunits

A

Tropomyosin Molecules

43
Q

Small, calcium- binding protein on each tropomyosin molecule

A

Troponin

44
Q

Myosin and actin do the work

A

Contractile Proteins

45
Q

Tropomyosin and troponin

A

Regulatory Proteins

46
Q

Huge, springy protein

A

Titin Proteins

47
Q

________ are made out of Titin Proteins

A

Elastic Filaments

48
Q

_________ are to make sure everything is connected and anchored together so contraction can occur

A

Accessory Proteins

49
Q

Most clinically important

A

Dystrophin

50
Q

Genetic defects in dystrophin produce disabling disease

A

Muscular Dystrophy

51
Q

_____ and _____ are proteins that occur in all cells

A

Myosin; Actin

52
Q

Dark; part where thick and thin filaments overlap is especially dark

A

A Band

53
Q

Middle of A band; thick filaments only

A

H Band

54
Q

Middle of H Band

A

M Line

55
Q

Alternating lighter band

A

I band

56
Q

Provides anchorage for thin filaments and elastic filaments

A

Z Disc

57
Q

Segment from Z disc to Z disc

A

Sarcomere

58
Q

Skeletal muscle _____ contracts unless stimulated by a nerve

A

Never

59
Q

Shrinkage of paralyzed muscle when connection not restored

A

Denervation Atrophy

60
Q

Nerve cells whose cell bodies are in the brainstem and spinal cord that serve skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Motor Neurons

61
Q

Their axons that lead to the skeletal muscle

A

Somatic Motor Fibers

62
Q

One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it

A

Motor Unit

63
Q

200 muscle fibers for each motor unit

A

Average Motor Unit

64
Q

Fine degree of control

A

Small Motor Units

65
Q

More strength than control

A

Large Motor Units

66
Q

Point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell

A

Synapse

67
Q

When target cell is a muscle fiber

Connection point between a nueron and muscle cell

A

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

68
Q

Swollen end of nerve fiber

A

Synaptic Knob

69
Q

Tiny gap between synaptic knob and muscle sarcolemma

A

Synaptic Cleft

70
Q

Envelops and isolates all of the NMJ from surrounding tissue fluid

A

Schwann Cell

71
Q

Synaptic vesicles undergo _______ releasing ACh into synaptic cleft

A

Exocytosis

72
Q

Thin layer of collagen and glycoprotein separates Schwann cell and entire muscle cell from surrounding tissues

A

Basal Lamina

73
Q

___________ breaks down ACh after contraction causing relaxation

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

74
Q

_______ and _____ are electrically excitable cells

A

Muscle Fibers and Neurons

75
Q

The study of the electrical activity of cells

A

Electrophysiology

76
Q

A difference in electrical charge from one point to another

A

Voltage (electrical potential)

77
Q

About -70 mV

Maintained by sodium potassium pumps

A

Resting Membrane Potential

78
Q

Quick up and down voltage shift from the negative RMP to a positive value, and back to the negative value again

A

Action Potential

79
Q

A stable voltage seen in a waiting muscle or nerve cell

A

RMP

80
Q

A quick fluctuating voltage seen in an Active Stimulated Cell

A

Action Potential

81
Q

Bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in Perimysium

A

Fascicles

A&P (9 decks)

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