Endocrine Disorders

Question 1

most commonly from a pituitary adenoma

Answer 1

Hyperpituitarism

Question 2

requires loss of ≥75% of the pituitary gland, infarction or pituitary adenoma

Answer 2

Hypopituitarism

Question 3

adults, increased hands, feet, mandible, macroglossia, lethal cardiomegaly

Answer 3

Acromegaly

Question 4

children, increased long bone growth

Answer 4

Gigantism

Question 5

elevated T3 & T4

Answer 5

Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)

Question 6

autoimmune, hyperfunctioning thyroid gland, thyromegaly (goiter), exophthalmoses, pretibial myxedema, insomnia, weight loss, fatigue, rapid/irregular heartbeat, most common among females

Answer 6

Graves’ disease

Question 7

reduced T3 & T4, reduced basal metabolic rate, weight gain, cold intolerant, psychological depression

Answer 7

Hypothyroidism

Question 8

hypothyroidism in children, iodine deficiency, short stature, mental retardation, abnormal facial bone development, protruding tongue

Answer 8

Cretinism

Question 9

adolescents and adults, apathy, mental sluggishness, obese

Answer 9

Myxemia

Question 10

autoimmune, gaiter, weight gain, older females

Answer 10

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 11

parathyroid adenoma, most are asymptomatic, postmenopausal females, hypercalcemia, erosion of the bony cortex on the radial side of the middle phalange, salt-and-pepper skull, brown “tumor,” nausea, myalgia, mental confusion, “painful bones, renal stones, and psychic moans”

Answer 11

Hyperparathyroidism

Question 12

both forms damage the kidneys, peripheral nerves, retina, vessel walls (gangrene, hypertension, atherosclerosis), myocardium

Answer 12

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

Question 13

autoimmune disease, destruction of pancreatic cells (islet beta cells) by T cells, inability to produce insulin (absolute insulin deficiency), requires insulin injections, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss. Previously, Type I DM was termed “juvenile onset diabetes” and commonly develops in late childhood/adolescence.

Answer 13

Type I DM

Question 14

insulin resistance (relative insulin deficiency), strongly associated with obesity, requires weight loss (diet and exercise), associated with diabetic neuropathy (ulcerations, gangrene), immunosuppression, and reduced healing. Commonly develops among those age 40-60 years

Answer 14

Type II DM

Question 15

(not a pancreatic disorder) results from either a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production by the pituitary gland or an insensitivity of the kidney to ADH: polydipsia (excessive thirst) is main feature, polyuria, no excessive glucose in urine

Answer 15

Diabetes insipidus

Question 16

reversible parenchymal damage, result of biliary tract disease (gallstones) alcoholism, or trauma; acute abdominal pain, medical emergency due to possible release of pancreatic enzymes into abdomen

Answer 16

Acute pancreatitis

Question 17

irreversible parenchymal damage and fibrosis, from chronic alcoholism or cystic fibrosis, middle-age males, malabsorption

Answer 17

Chronic pancreatitis

Question 18

(chronic adrenal insufficiency): autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex, insufficient cortisol production, weight loss, weakness/fatigue, hypotension, anorexia, nausea, hyperpigmentation of skin

Answer 18

Addison’s disease

Question 19

(hypercortisolism): from a pituitary or adrenal adenoma or from exogenous corticosteroid therapy: weight gain (“moon facies,” “buffalo hump,” truncal obesity, purple striae), young adults

Answer 19

Cushing syndrome