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35 ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

the pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture of known gases. expressed in dry gas concentrations
if there is water vapor that must be removed

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2
Q

what is fractional concentration?

A

percentage of a gas in a mixture of gasses

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3
Q

what is the fractional concentration of oxygen?

A

21

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4
Q

what is the partial pressure of nitrogen?

A

160

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5
Q

what is the partial pressure of nitrogen?

A

600

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6
Q

what is the barometric pressure?

A

760 mmhg

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7
Q

how to calculate partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere?

A

Po2= Pb X Fo2

Fo2 fractional concentration of oxygen= 21%
Pb= barometric pressure= 760mmhg

Po2= partial pressure

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8
Q

given barometric pressure of 286

what is the Po2?

A

60

because
286*0.21= 60

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9
Q

How do you calculate partial pressure of inspired oxygen in trachea?

A

water vapor is included now…

Pio2= (Pb-PH20) * Fio2

760-47*0.21= PiO2= 149.7

pb= 760 atmospheric
Ph20=partial pressure of water=47
FiO2= fractional oxygen= 0.21

pio2= inspired/humidified/count water vapor

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10
Q

what is the partial pressure oxygen and CO2 at ambient dry air?

A

oxygen= 160, 21%

CO2=0 0

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11
Q

what is the partial pressure of oxygen and CO2 at moist trachael air?

A 
oxygen= 150mmhg, 20%
CO2= 0,0
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12
Q

what is the partial pressure at alveolar air of oxygen and CO2?

A 
oxygen= 102 mmgh, 14%
CO2= 40 mmhg 5%
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13
Q

what is the partial pressure of oxygen and CO2 at arterial blood ?

A

oxygen= 95

CO2=40

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14
Q

what is the partial pressure of oxygen and CO2 at venous blood ?

A

oxygen= 40

CO2=46

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15
Q

what is minute ventilation?

A

volume of air entering the lungs per minute

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16
Q

what is the equation of minute ventilation/total ventilation?

A

Ve=VTxf

Vt= tidal volume
f= fréquence/ rate of breathing

example tidal volume= 500ml
breathing frequency= 12 breaths per minute

0.5L*12= 6 l/min

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17
Q

what is dead space?

A

place in respiratory system where gas exchange does not occur, conducting zone is a dead space= anatomic dead space

for example take in 500ml but 150 ml go to dead space and 350 get to alveoli and goes to alveoli and does gas exchange

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18
Q

what is the normal ratio of Vd/Vt?

A

dead space/tidal volume

0.25-0.35 in healthy people

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19
Q

what is alveolar dead space?

A

air going to alveoli but doesn’t go through gas exchange

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20
Q

what is the equation for physiological deadspace?

A

physiological deadspace= anatomical Vd + alveolar Vd

in healthy people physiological dead space = anatomical dead pace

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21
Q

what is case where alveolar deadspace is large?

A

pulmonary embolism

22
Q

How do you calculate alveolar ventilation?

A

Va= (Vt f)- (Vdf)

air

Va= volume of air added to alveoli 
Vd= volume of air in deadspace
23
Q

29/min respirations
tidal volume= 400 ml
deadspace volume=150
what is minute ventilation?

A

29*400= 11600

tidal volume * respirations 29

24
Q

how do you calculate alveolar ventilation?

A

Va= (Vt-Vd) * breaths/min

Vt= tidal volume
Va= alveolar ventilation
Vd= dead space

volume of air delivered to respiratory zone per minute

25
29/min respirations tidal volume= 400 ml deadspace volume=150 what is alveolar ventilation?
7250 Va= (Vt-Vd) * breaths/min (400-150)*29= 7250
26
how is dead space measured at anatomical dead space?
Fowler's method
27
how is physiological dead space measured?
Bohr's method
28
How is alveolar dead space measured?
need to subtract anatomical and physiological dead space
29
how do you calculate a healthy deadspace?
1 ml per pound.. ex= 150 lbs so 150 ml*12= 1800ml/min
30
How is fowler's method done?
inspire 100% after tidal expiration exhale to RV (residual volume) plotted Nitrogen released and monitored
31
what is the equation for Bohr method?
Vd/Vt= 1 - PeCO2/PaCO2 Vd= dead space Vt=tidal volume PeCO2= expired partial pressure of CO2 PaCO2= alveolar partial pressure clinically it is assumed that alveolar CO2 and arterial are the same PaCO2 ( arterial) and PACO2 ( alveolar)
32
If PaCO2= 40 mm hg and PeCO2 =28 mmhg | If Vt= 500 what is Vd?
1-28/40= 0.3 0.3*500 Vd= 150
33
what is a normal body PH
7.35-7.45
34
what is a normal HCO3?
23-28
35
what is an equation for alveolar ventilation?
``` VA= (VeCO2 *0.863)/ PaC02 VA= alveolar ventilation VeCO2= expired volume of CO2 in one minute ``` PaCO2= partial pressure of alveolar CO2
36
as alveolar ventilation increases carbon dioxide _______
decreases
37
With hyperventilation you have what?
respiratory alkalosis
38
with hyperventilation you have ?
respiratory acidosis
39
what is the A-a O2 gradient?
the difference between the alveolar oxygen gas tension (PAO2) and arterial oxygen tension (Pa02) A-aO2 gradient= PAO2-PaO2 A-a O2 gradient=(PiO2-[(PaCO2/R]-PaO2
40
A normal or elevated A-a gradient of more than 15 can be a sign of?
hypoxemia elevated A-a means a high respiratory effort to achieve oxygenation; pulmonary problem Low oxygenation due to hypoventilation; extra- pulmonary source of hypoxemia would not affect A-a gradient
41
what is hypoventilation?
decreased alveolar ventilation with increased PaCO2 ventilation refers to alveoli, it is inversely proportional to pressure of CO2
42
what is hyperventilation?
increased alveolar ventilation with decreased PaCO2
43
what is hypercapnia?
increased CO2 in blood PaCO2 above 48 mmhg
44
what is hypopnea?
decreased ventilation in response to lowered metabolic CO2 production breath slower
45
what is hyperpnea?
increased ventilation in response to increased metabolic CO2 production ( ex is exercise) which should purge CO2 breath faster
46
what is eupnea?
normal breathing
47
what is tachypnea?
increased frequency of breathing | swift breathing. ventilation may or may not be changed dependent on tidal volume
48
what is dyspnea?
shortness of breath/labored breathing/ ill breathing
49
what is apnea?
temporary cessation of breathing
50
A 23 year old pre- med students comes to the clinic because she is anxious about her physiology exam. physical examination and laboratory investigations shows that the patient is hyperventilating. which of the following changes would be likely?
Hyperventilation looks at the alveoli.. this means that there is hyperventilated alveoli and decreased PaCO2 because they are inverse to each other. ALSO hyperventilation increased the partial pressure of O2

test 5 (27 decks)

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