glycolysis

Question 1

What is the main objective of glycolysis?

Answer 1

generation of ATP

Question 2

where are glycolytic enzymes found?

Answer 2

in the cytosol

Question 3

tissues of the eye and RBCs can only obtain their ATP from where?

Answer 3

glycolysis

Question 4

recite glycolysis with the enzymes. what are the mnemonics you like?

Answer 4

good golly father Franklin did go by picking pumpkins to prepare pies

enzymes: hungry Peter Pan and giring pink panther eat pies

Question 5

what are the energy investment phases of glycolysis?

Answer 5

glucose—glucose 6 phosphate

fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

enzymes= hexokinase/glucokinase

PFK1

paid 2 atp

Question 6

What is the energy generation phase?

Answer 6

2 NADH formed after G3P

at enzymes: g3p (NADH)
dehydrogenase
phosphoglycerate kinase ATP
pyruvate kinase ATP

ATP formed after bisphosphoglycerate

ATP formed after phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 7

what are the three irreversible enzymes of glycolysis?

Answer 7

hexokinase/glucokinase, PFK1 and pyruvate kinase

Question 8

what enzyme turns DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate into G3P?

Answer 8

trios phosphate isomerase

Question 9

How many pyruvate as a result of glycolysis?

Answer 9

2 3 carbon molecules

Question 10

what steps have substrate level phosphorylation?

Answer 10

phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase

Question 11

what enzyme turns pyruvate to acetyl coa?

Answer 11

pyruvate dehydrogenase in mitochondria in aerobic glycolysis goes to TCA cycle

Question 12

what enzyme turns pyruvate to lactate?

Answer 12

lactate dehydrogenase in anaerobic glycolysis in cytosol and goes to liver via cori cycle

in tissues with no mitochondria like RBC and eye

Question 13

In the liver what enzyme converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate?

Answer 13

pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesis in the liver.

occurs in mitochondria

Question 14

What enzyme turns NADH made by G3P dehydrogenase into NAD+?

Answer 14

NADH–NAD
this NAD is used at
Pyruvate __lactate dehydrogenase____ make lactate

in RBC and skeletal muscle

Question 15

the conversion of pyruvate to lactate depends on what cofactor?

Answer 15

NADH

Question 16

when there is cardiac muscle hypoxia what does it produce?

Answer 16

lactate= myocardial infarction sign

Question 17

what is cori cycle?

Answer 17

lactate goes to blood then liver and back to glucose via gluconeogenesis and that glucose gets sent into the muscle. its a whole cycle

Question 18

How many ATP per NADH

Answer 18

3 ATP there is 6 from glycolysis

Question 19

What transports NADH made in the cytosol to the mitochondria for kreb?

Answer 19

malate aspartate/ glycerol phosphate shuttle

Question 20

how many ATP in aerobic glycolysis?

Answer 20

8 atp

Question 21

glucose is converted into how many molecules of lactate for anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 21

2

Question 22

how much energy formed with anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 22

2 ATP formed

Question 23

what is the mechanism of transport of glucose into RBCs?

Answer 23

facilitated diffusion via GLUT1

GLUTS don’t require energy

Question 24

where does GLUT 2 move to?

Answer 24

the liver

Question 25

GlUT 1 and 3 moves to where?

Answer 25

neurons and brain

Question 26

GLUT 4 in the adipose tissue and muscle is responsive to what?

Answer 26

presence of insulin when blood glucose is elevated

Question 27

where is glucokinase found?

Answer 27

liver and b-cells of pancrease

Question 28

what is the affinity for glucokinase in liver and pancreases?

Answer 28

has a high km and small affinity ( graph on left)

Question 29

hexokinase is found where?

Answer 29

other tissues except pancreas and liver; has low km high affinity. lower v max

Question 30

what happens when there is too much NADH/NAD ratio and there a high lactate level?

Answer 30

you can get cramps because of very low PH

Question 31

What are inhibitors of glycolysis?

Answer 31

fluoride inhibits it, it inhibits enolase 2 phosphpglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 32

what energy supply to tumors use? what is this called?

Answer 32

Warburg effect; glycolysis

Question 33

red blood cells have what kind of conditions

Answer 33

anaerobic they are major source of ATP and make 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate

Question 34

what is PET( positron emission topography) scan used for ?

Answer 34

you can isolate where a tumor is because they like to take up glucose... in this the glucose analog Is FDG or fluorodeoxyglucose. in image it has a lot of light= its proof that tumor Is taking it up

Question 35

what forms 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate?

Answer 35

from 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate use a mutase to make it. instead of a phosphoglycerate kinase to make 3 phosphoglycerate

Question 36

2,3 bpg does what?

Answer 36

reduces affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin to unload more oxygen to tissues

Question 37

Deficiency of what enzymes result in hemolytic anemia?

Answer 37

hexokinase or pyruvate kinase deficiency

Question 38

if there is an issue of glycolysis what happens?

Answer 38

sodium potassium atpase doesn't work. | accumulation of sodium, lysis of RBC/hemolysis

Question 39

what is the #1 cause of hemolytic anemia?

Answer 39

g6pd deficiency

Question 40

what is the #2 cause of hemolytic anemia?

Answer 40

erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency

Question 41

How do you examine someone with pyruvate kinase deficiency?

Answer 41

you check 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate and you will find that they are elevated

Question 42

what happens with hexokinase deficiency?

Answer 42

2,3 bpg is low... this is more severe than pyruvate kinase deficiency

Question 43

what is the cause of hemolysis ?

Answer 43

less atp and less working of sodium potassium pump

Question 44

if there is high AMP then glycolysis is...

Answer 44

activated

Question 45

if there is high levels of ATP then glycolysis is....

Answer 45

deactivated