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Opt 122: Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology II > Digestive System- Taylor 2 > Flashcards

Digestive System- Taylor 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Where does the sphenomandibular ligament connect to the mandible?

A

Sphenoidal spine to lingula of mandible

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1
Q

Is the digastric muscle one of mastication?

A

No!

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2
Q

Where do the mandible’s nerves and BVs travel?

A

Mandibular foramen

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3
Q

What is the head of the mandible called?

A

Condylar process

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4
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ?

A

Synovial joint

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5
Q

What structures does the TMJ lie between?

A

Condylar process
Mandibular fossa
Articulate tubercle (temporal)

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6
Q

How is the bone lining of the TMJ different from other synovial joints?

A

Fibrocartilage lining as opposed to hyaline cartilage lining

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7
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

A distallate of blood plasma

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8
Q

What is the articular disc made of?

A

Fibrocartilage

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9
Q

When the jaw is widely depressed, the condylar process and articular disc move :

A

: anteriorly

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10
Q

Where does the mandible lateral ligament run?

A

From zygomatic arch to neck of mandible

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11
Q

Where does the mandible stylomandibular ligament run?

A

Styloid process of temporal bone to angle of mandible

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12
Q

What is the projection of bone near the mandibular foramen of the medial aspect of the mandible neck called?

A

The lingula

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13
Q

Where does the temporalis muscle originate?

A

From the temporal fascia of temporal fossa

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14
Q

Where does the temporalis muscle insert the mandible?

A

On top of coronoid process

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15
Q

Primary action of the temporalis

A

Elevation

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16
Q

Secondary action of the temporalis

A

Retrusion

Grinding

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17
Q

Where does the masseter muscle originate?

A

The zygomatic arch

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18
Q

Where does the masseter muscle insert the mandible?

A

Lateral side of mandibular ramus

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19
Q

Primary action of masseter

A

Elevation

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20
Q

Secondary action of the masseter

A

Protrusion

Retrusion

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21
Q

Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle originate?

A

Sphenoid bone at roof of infratemporal fossa

Lateral surface of sphenoid lateral pterygoid plate

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22
Q

Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle insert the mandible?

A

Pterygoid fovea of mandibular neck

Articular disc

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23
Q

Primary action of lateral pterygoid

A

Depression

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24
Q

Secondary action of lateral pterygoid

A

Protrusion

Grinding

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25
Q

Where does the medial pterygoid muscle originate?

A

Medial surface of sphenoid’s lateral pterygoid plate

Maxillary tuberosity

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26
Q

Where does the medial pterygoid insert the mandible?

A

Medial side of ramus

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27
Q

Primary action of medial pterygoid muscle

A

Elevation

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28
Q

Secondary action of medial pterygoid muscle

A

Protrusion

Grinding

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29
Q

What branch of CN V3 receives sensory branches to TMJ?

A

Auriculotemporal branch

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30
Q

What artery does the auriculotemporal revert wrap around?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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31
Q

4-layered structure of GI (inner to outer)

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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32
Q

Mucosa contents

A

Mucosal glands (usu)
Muscularis mucosa
GALT

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33
Q

What type of CT is the submucosa?

A

Dense irregular CT

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34
Q

Which layer is the main pathway and location for the largest BVs?

A

Submucosa

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35
Q

Submucosa contents

A

Some submucosal glands

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36
Q

Where is Meissner’s nerve plexus and what does it do?

A

Between mucosa and submucosa
Sends branches inward to control muscularis mucosa (autonomic) and branches outward to control submucosal glands (secretion)

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37
Q

Muscularis externa contents

A

Inner circular smooth muscle layer

Outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer

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38
Q

Where is the myenteric nerve plexus of Auerbach located?

A

Between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the muscularis externa

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39
Q

When is the outer layer considered serosa?

A

If covered by peritoneum

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40
Q

What is visceral peritoneum composed of?

A

Mesothelium

Loose CT

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41
Q

When is the outer layer considered adventitia?

A

When that portion of the organ is not covered by peritoneum

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42
Q

The esophagus is between what?

A

Larynx

Stomach

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43
Q

Where do the fibers of the two vagus nerves intermix with sympathetics?

A

Abdominal esophagus

Forms prevertebral nerve plexus (where prevertebral ganglion are)

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44
Q

Sites of esophageal constriction

A

Upper, at junction with pharynx
Aortic arch
Left primary bronchus
Lower, at esophageal hiatus

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45
Q

Does absorption occur in the esophagus?

A

No!

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46
Q

What type of epi is esophageal mucosa?

A

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized

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47
Q

Where are most of the multicellular mucosal glands of the esophagus located?

A

Upper and lower esophagus

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48
Q

What type of muscle is the upper third of the esophagus muscularis externa?

A

Striated muscle

49
Q

What type of muscle is the middle third of the esophagus muscularis externa?

A

Mix of striated and smooth muscle

50
Q

What type of muscle is the lower third of the esophagus muscularis externa?

A

Smooth muscle only

51
Q

Epi cell type change at esophagohastric junction

A

stratified -> secretory simple columnar

52
Q

Where does the esophagus attach to the stomach?

A

At the cardial oriface

53
Q

Parts of stomach

A

Cardiac
Fundus
Body
Pyloric

54
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

A thickening of the circular muscle layer of the muscularis externa

55
Q

Greater curvature of stomach

A

Inferior

Convex

56
Q

Lesser curvature of stomach

A

Superior

Concave

57
Q

Structure to left of stomach

A

Spleen

58
Q

Structure posterior to stomach

A

Lesser sac -> pancreas

59
Q

Structure inferior to stomach

A

Greater omentum

60
Q

What is omentum?

A

Peritoneum extensions

A way of connecting organs

61
Q

What is the lesser sac?

A

Gap between pancreas and stomach

62
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

Peritoneum that provides fat curtain

Cnx stomach to transverse colon

63
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

Peritoneum extension between liver and lesser curvature of stomach
Cnx stomach and liver

64
Q

What are rugae?

A

Wrinkles of mucosa with submucosal cores on internal surface of stomach

65
Q

What type of epi lines the stomach mucosa?

A

Simple columnar

66
Q

What’s the name of these epi mucosal cells and what do they do?

A

Surface mucous cells

Provide lubrication and protection from highly acidic environment

67
Q

Where are stomach glands located?

A

Lamina propria

68
Q

Where is the base of a fundic gland located?

A

Near muscularis mucosa

69
Q

Which part of the fundic gland leads into the gastric pit?

A

Isthmus

70
Q

Types of cells that line the fundic glands

A 
Parietal 
Mucous neck
Stem
Chief 
Enteroendocrine
71
Q

Where are parietal cells found in the fundic gland?

A

Throughout all three parts

72
Q

What do the parietal cells of the fundic gland do?

A

Secrete HCl and IF

73
Q

Where are mucous neck cells located in the fundic gland?

A

Between parietal cells in the neck

74
Q

What do the stem cells of the fundic gland do?

A

Give rise to all cells of the gland and surface mucosa

75
Q

Where are chief cells located in the fundic gland?

A

Throughout, mainly in base though

76
Q

What do chief cells of the fundic gland do?

A

Have abundant RER

Convert pepsinogen to pepsin

77
Q

Where are enteroendocrine cells located in the fundic gland?

A

On the basal lamina

78
Q

What do the enteroendocrine cells of the fundic glands do?

A

Secrete hormones to the underlying BVs

79
Q

Oblique layer of stomach muscularis externa

A

Most inner

Discontinuous

80
Q

Circular layer of stomach muscularis externa

A

Middle layer

Becomes thick at pyloric sphincter

81
Q

Longitudinal layer of stomach muscularis externa

A

Most outer

Thicker at curvatures

82
Q

What is the main absorptive organ of the tract?

A

The SI

83
Q

What is the shortest, widest, and most fixed part of the SI?

A

Duodenum

84
Q

What does the duodenal cap do?

A

Attach the SI to the stomach

85
Q

What does the descending duodenum do?

A

Receives hepatopancreatic ampulla

86
Q

Where does the junction between the developing foregut and the hind gut occur?

A

Major duodenal papilla

87
Q

Sizes of jejunum and ileum

A

J: upper 2/5 of 6m
I: lower 3/5 of 6m

88
Q

Which is thicker and with wider lumen?

A

Jejunum

89
Q

What do the circular folds of the jejunum do?

A

Along with intestinal villi, increase SA

90
Q

Why is the jejunum more red in color than the ileum?

A

The jejunum has a different arterial distribution pattern than the ileum

91
Q

SI mucosa contents

A 
Goblet cells
Villi
Microvilli
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Peyer's patches
92
Q

What type of epi makes up the SI mucosa?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

93
Q

Where are red blood capillaries and lacteals found in the SI?

A

In the lamina propria of the villi of the mucosal layer

94
Q

Where does brush border digestive enzyme reside?

A

On microvilli of SI mucosa layer

95
Q

What types of complexes are formed between absorptive cells of SI?

A

ZO, ZA, desmosomes

96
Q

What types of cells line the crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A 
Absorptive cells
Goblet cells 
Paneth cells
Stem cells
Enteroendocrine cells
97
Q

What do paneth cells of the SI do?

A

Reside at gland base and secrete antibacterial lysozyme (regulate bacterial flora)

98
Q

What type of cells make up most of the lower intestinal gland of the SI?

A

Stem cells

99
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches of the SI found?

A

Lampro of ileum

100
Q

What are microfold cells?

A

Cells that line the intestinal surface over lymphatic nodules

101
Q

What microfold cells of the SI mucosa layer do?

A

Pinocytize antigenic proteins

102
Q

What substances do the Brunner’s glands of the duodenum submucosa secrete?

A

Alkaline
Lysosymes
IgA antibodies

103
Q

Structures in LI not present in SI

A

Taenia coli
Haustra
Omental appendices
Large diameter

104
Q

What are taenia coli?

A

Muscularis externa organized into 3 bands of longitudinal muscle

105
Q

What are haustra?

A

Folds to keep the short taenia within it

106
Q

What is the blind-ended first part of the LI?

A

Cecum

107
Q

Contents of lampro and submucosa contents

A

Lymphatic nodules

108
Q

The name do the bending of the ascending colon

A

Right colic hepatic flexure

109
Q

Transverse colon barriers

A

Right colic hepatic flexure and left colic splenic flexure

110
Q

What apart of the colon contains the division of the mid and hind guts?

A

Transverse colon

111
Q

Blood supply to midgut parts

A

Superior mesenteric artery

112
Q

Blood supply to hind gut parts

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

113
Q

Histology of colon

A

No villi
No circular folds
Muscularis externa with inner circular muscle and outer taenia coli

114
Q

Main cells of the surface and intestinal crypts of Lieberkuhn in the LI

A

Absorptive columnar

Goblet cells

115
Q

Type of epi lining rectum

A

Simple columnar epi

116
Q

Changes that occur at sigmoid-rectal junction

A
  • Taenia spread into one continuous layer of longitudinal muscle
  • Haustra absent
117
Q

What structures form the portal-systemic anastomosis?

A

Inferior mesenteric venous vessels (hepatic portal vein)

Internal iliac venous branches (inferior vena cava)

118
Q

Type of epi in mucosa of upper end of anal canal

A

Stratified squamous epi

119
Q

Type of epi in mucosa of lower end of anal canal

A

Stratified squamous keritinized epi with apocrine glands

120
Q

From where do the two anal sphincter muscles form?

A

From the circular muscle of the muscularis externa

Opt 122: Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology II (16 decks)

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