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MCAT > 2B: The Structure, growth, physiology and genetics of prokaryotes & viruses > Flashcards

2B: The Structure, growth, physiology and genetics of prokaryotes & viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 tenets of Cell Theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells
  2. The cell is the basic functional unit of life
  3. All cells arise ONLY from preexisting cells
  4. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA
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2
Q

How do viruses violate cell theory?

A

They do not arise from preexisting cells and they do not carry genetic information the form of DNA

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3
Q

List the 7 organelles in eukaryotic cells:
N M R
L P S
G

A

Nucleus, Mitochondria, Lysosome, Rough E.R., Smooth E.R., Golgi Apparatus, Peroxisome

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4
Q

What surrounds the nucleus and what is that structures function?

A

Nuclear envelope, it has nuclear pores that allow selective 2 way exchange of material

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5
Q

What does the nucleus contain and what is that structures function?

A

Nucleolus, synthesizes ribosomal RNA

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6
Q

What is the function of the nucleus? What processes occur here?

A

To contain and protect DNA; DNA replication, transcription and partial RNA assembly

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7
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Produce ATP via Krebs Cycle & Oxidative Phosphorylation

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8
Q

List the structures of the mitochondria.

A

Outer Membrane
Intermembrane Space
Inner Membrane
Matrix

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9
Q

What is the function of cristae?

A

Increase surface area available for electron transport chain

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10
Q

What enzymes are contained in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Citric Acid Cycle enzymes

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11
Q

What lines the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Electron Transport Chain & ATP Synthase

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12
Q

Describe the DNA in Mitochondria.

A

Single circular DNA molecule that encodes rRNA, tRNA and several mitochondrial proteins

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13
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

That mitochondria originated as independent unicellular organisms living within larger cell

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14
Q

What is special about the DNA of Mitochondria?

A

It’s inherited only from the mother because the ovum supplies the organelles

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15
Q

How do mitochondria replicate?

A

Binary Fission

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16
Q

What process can mitochondria participate in?

A

Apoptosis

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17
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

Degrades biomolecules through hydrolysis

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18
Q

What do lysosomes use to degrade molecules? When are they active?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes; active in only low pH environments

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19
Q

What is autophagy?

A

Lysosome degrades non-functional or damaged self-organelles

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20
Q

What is the Rough E.R.? What is it responsible for?

A

The part of the ER that contains ribosomes; it synthesizes proteins that are secreted extracellularly or plasma membrane proteins

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21
Q

What is the Smooth E.R.? What is it responsible for?

A

The part of the ER that lack ribosomes; responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain compounds

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22
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

It receives cellular products (proteins) and modifies them; sort and sends those proteins to their cellular destination; performs exocytosis

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23
Q

How does the golgi apparatus modify proteins?

A

Glycosylation, Phosphorylation, Sulfonation

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24
Q

What is the cis vs. trans face of the golgi?

A

Cis face is closer to the ER and Trans face is farthest from the ER

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25
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

They contain hydrogen peroxide which aid in metabolizing lipids and toxins (in the liver); phospholipid synthesis

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26
Q

What enzyme do peroxisomes contain? What does that enzyme do?

A

Catalase; converts H2O2 into H2O and O2

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27
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton? What is it composed of?

A

Provide structure to the cells and helps maintain cell shape; it’s composed of microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments

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28
Q

What are microfilaments composed of? Are they thick or thin?

A

Polymerized rods of actin; thin

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29
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A

Use ATP to generate force for movement; forms the cleavage furrow in cytokinesis

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30
Q

What are the kinds of actin? Which is a monomer or polymer?

A 
Filamentous Actin (F-Actin) [polymer]
Globular Actin (G-Actin) [monomer]
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31
Q

What are microtubules composed of? Are they they thick or thin?

A

Hollow polymers of tubulin (alpha and beta), thick

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32
Q

What is the function of microtubules? Where are they organized?

A

They provide pathways for movement throughout the cell via kinesin and dynein; the centriole organizes them (9 w/ a hollow center)

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33
Q

What are some structures that are made of microtubules? What are their arrangements?

A

Cilia & Flagella; 9+ 2 arrangement w/ dynein arms

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34
Q

What are intermediate filaments composed of?

A

Filamentous proteins (such as keratin)

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35
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

They are involved in cell-cell adhesion as well as maintenance of the cytoskeleton by resisting mechanical stress

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36
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous

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37
Q

Describe Epithelial Tissue

A

Cover the body, protect against invasion and desiccation, connected to the basement membrane

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38
Q

What is the parenchyma?

A

The functional part of an organ

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39
Q

What are the types of epithelial tissue? # of layers

A

Simple (1)
Stratified (multiple)
Pseudostratified (1 @ different heights)

40
Q

What are the shapes of epithelial tissue?

A

Cuboidal (cube shaped)
Columnar (column shaped)
Squamous (flat and scalelike)

41
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Supports the body and provides a framework for the epithelial cells to carry out their function

42
Q

What is the stroma?

A

It is the part of a tissue or organ that has a connective and structural role

43
Q

Describe the structure of a prokaryote.

A

It has no membrane bound organelles, single circular DNA in a nucleoid regions

44
Q

What are the shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. Cocci (sphere)
  2. Bacilli (rod)
  3. Spirilli (spiral)
45
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

Require O2 for Metabolism

46
Q

Anaerobes

A

Do not require O2 for metabolism

47
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Cannot survive in the presence of O2

48
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Use O2 if present; utilizes anaerobic metabolism if its not present

49
Q

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

A

Unable to use O2 for metabolism but aren’t harmed by its presence

50
Q

Describe prokaryotic cell structure; What are some of the structures?

A

They lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; cell wall & flagella

51
Q

Cell Wall

A

Protects cell from outer environment; provides structure and controls movement in and out of the bacteria

52
Q

Types of Cell Walls

A

Gram Negative

Gram Positive

53
Q

Negative Gram Stain (Pink-Red)

A

Absorbs safranin counterstain but not crystal violet primary stain

54
Q

Gram Negative Cell Wall

A

Thin wall of PTG (small amounts); outer membrane of phospholipids & lipopolysaccharide

55
Q

Positive Gram Stain (Purple)

A

Absorbs crystal violet but not safranin counterstain

56
Q

Gram Positive Cell Wall

A

Thick layer of PTG; contain lipoteichoic acid

57
Q

Flagella

A

Used for taxis, composed of a filament, basal body and hook

58
Q

Plasmids

A

Circular pieces of DNA that may confer particular characteristics such as antibiotic resistance

59
Q

Bacterial Mitochondrial Subunits

A

30S and 50S

60
Q

Binary Fission

A

Chromosome replicates while cell grows in size, the cell wall grows inward and eventually divides in two

61
Q

Genetic Recombination Processes

A

Transformation, Conjugation & Transduction

62
Q

Episomes

A

Plasmids that are capable of integrating into the host genome

63
Q

Transformation

A

Integrates foreign genetic material into host genome

64
Q

Conjugation

A

Two cells form a conjugation bridge between them allowing genetic material to transfer (unidirectional)

65
Q

What does F+ indicate?

A

Donor (Male)

66
Q

What does F- indicate?

A

Recipient (Female)

67
Q

How does E. coli work?

A

F+ cells replicate their F factor and donate the copy to an F- cell which can donate it to other cells

68
Q

Transduction

A

Requires a virus (bacteriophage); integrate genome from host cell to new cell

69
Q

Transposons

A

Genetic elements capable of inserting themselves into the genome, if inserted into a coding region it can disrupt the gene

70
Q

Stages of Bacterial Growth

A

Lag
Exponential
Stationary
Death

71
Q

Lag Phase

A

Bacteria adapt to new environment, not much growth occurs

72
Q

Exponential Phase

A

Growth increases exponentially on a linear path after they adapt to their environment

73
Q

Stationary Phase

A

Reproduction slows down due to decreased resources

74
Q

Death Phase

A

Number of bacteria exceed the ability of the environment to support them

75
Q

Viruses

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

76
Q

Characteristic of Viruses

A

Contains a head with nucleic acid inside; a tail that’s used for insertion

77
Q

Virions

A

Viral progeny that can be released to infect additional cells

78
Q

Viral Genome

A

They determine how infection by each virus proceeds

79
Q

Positive Sense

A

Genome may be directly translated to functional proteins by the ribosomes of the host cell

80
Q

Negative Sense

A

Requires synthesis of an RNA strand complementary to negative sense RNA that can be used as template for protein synthesis

81
Q

[-] RNA Viruses

A

Carries & encodes RNA-Dependent RNA Pol; makes complimentary copy that acts as mRNA and are translated into viral proteins

[-] -replicase-> [+] -> proteins + [-]

82
Q

[+] RNA Viruses

A

Encodes RNA-Dependent RNA Pol; synthesize [-] strand which can be used to make proteins for new viruses

[+] -replicase-> [-] -replicase-> [+] -> proteins + [-]

83
Q

Retroviruses

A

Encode for reverse transcriptase; enveloped ssRNA;

[+] -RT-> dsDNA -integration/transcription-> [+]

84
Q

Self Replication Process

A

Attachment -> Entry -> Uncoating -> Replication -> Post-Translational Modification -> Lysis

85
Q

Attachment

A

Binding to receptors on host cell

86
Q

Entry

A

Penetrates the host cell wall/membrane

87
Q

Uncoating

A

Viral capsid is degraded by viral enzymes

88
Q

Replication

A

mRNA, Proteins and other genomic material are produced

89
Q

Lysis

A

Host cell lyses due to release of viral progeny

90
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

Virus maximally uses cell machinery disregarding the survival of the host cell

91
Q

Lytic Cycle Processes

A

Attachment -> Penetration -> Transcription/Translation -> Degradation of host genome -> Replication of phage genome -> Assembly of new capsid -> Lysosomes destroy bacterial cell wall

92
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A

Integration into the host genome as a provirus or prophage; virus is replicated as the bacterium reproduces since its a part of the host genome; does not lyse the host cell

93
Q

Lysogenic Cycle Processes

A

Prophage integrates, reproduces with bacterium, are activated due to some excision event

94
Q

Prions

A

infections proteins, trigger the misfolding of other proteins and affect their solubility causes aggregates

95
Q

Viroids

A

Plant pathogens, circular ssRNA, bind to plant genome and silence it

MCAT (31 decks)

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