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A&P 3.2 > General digestion and kidneys I > Flashcards

General digestion and kidneys I Flashcards

1
Q

Alcohol and Aspirin are absorbed across the stomach mucosa because they ate ____-soluble.

A

lipid

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2
Q

Aspirin causes _____as it passes through the gastric mucosa, and can be significant if large amounts of aspirin are given.

A

bleeding

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3
Q

What is the only function of the stomach that is essential for life?

A

Intrinsic factor

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4
Q

Intrinsic factor comes from ____ cells and is essential for the absorbtion of __________.

A

Parietal

vitamin B12

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5
Q

If you remove the stomach, patients need intrinsic factor, if not, will suffer ______ ________, a deficiency of vitamin B12

A

Pernicious anemia

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6
Q

What is anemia?

A

An abnormally low RBC count

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7
Q

What is iron-deficient anemia?

A

No iron available

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8
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

Destruction of bone marrow, replaced with fatty cells and fibrous tissue

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9
Q

As we age, less and less lactase is produced, or becomes inactive to some degree, this can cause 2 things:

A

Lactose intolerance

Lactase deficiency

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10
Q

Gallstones can can obstruct ____ or ______ bile ducts. Can be___ the size of a dime. Can have ______ or shock wave therapy

A

cystic or common
¼
surgery

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11
Q

What forms gallstones?

A

Cholesterol crystals that become hardened by precipitation of inorganic salts

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12
Q

The kidneys continually cleanse the _______ and adjust its composition. Kidneys get rid of ______ waste

A

Blood

Liquid

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13
Q

What 3 things do the kidneys regulate?

A

1- Regulate blood volume
2- Regulate BP
3- Regulate H20/Salts and Acid/Base

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14
Q

What are the 4 ways waste is eliminated?

A

1- GI tract- feces
2- Lungs- CO2, H2O, Heat, Garlic
3- Skin, H2O, heat, salt, a little CO2
4- Urinary system- liquid waste/urine

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15
Q

What composes the urinary system?

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, 1 urethra

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16
Q

Physically describe the kidneys.

A

A reddish-brown organ shaped like a kidney bean
Retroperitoneal, just above the waste
Right kidney- slightly larger because right lobe is slightly bigger
~5 inches long, 160 grams, almost like a bar of soap

17
Q

The kidney has a concave border faces ______ towards spinal cord where the ____ is.

A

medially

Hilus

18
Q

What is the hilus of the kidney?

A

where vessels/nerves enter/exit

19
Q

What is the capsule of the kidneys made from? What surrounds the kidney?

A

Dense-irregular CT

Adipose tissue

20
Q

Describe the renal cortex?

A

Contains blood-filtering mechanisms, ~1cm thick

Tissue looks consistent

21
Q

The renal medulla has 8-18 renal ________ with a renal _______ at the tip of the pyramid.

A

Pyramids

Papilla

22
Q

Renal yyramids are triangular _______ wedges (think 3-D)

Made of renal _______ and _______

A

striated

renal tubules and vessels

23
Q

Renal columns are extensions of the renal ______, in between the renal _______.

A

cortex

pyramids

24
Q

What is the renal sinus and what occupies it?

A

A medial cavity
It’s occupied by: renal blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and urine-collecting structures
Other than that, filled with adipose tissue

25
Q

What is the renal pelvis? What does it do?

A

A funnel-shaped enlargement of the ureter
We need to collect urine from each renal papilla
An enlargement of ureter in renal sinus

26
Q

What is a minor calyx?

How many are there?

A

Each renal papilla has a cup-like structure beneath it to catch urine droplets
8-18 pyramids, so then 8-18 minor calyces, 1 per pyramid

27
Q

How is a major calyx formed?

A

By 2-3 minor calyces

28
Q

Hows is the renal pelvis formed?

A

By 2-3 major calyces

29
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney? How many are there?

A

Nephron

1.25 million

30
Q

What 2 structures comprise a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle

Renal tubules

31
Q

Where are renal corpuscles?

A

In the cortex

32
Q

Where are renal tubules?

A

In the pyramid of the renal medulla

A&P 3.2 (21 decks)

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