Chapter 1 /Measuring

Question 1

Motherboards is the spine of a co

1-5

Answer 1

known as:
system board.
mine board.

Question 2

CPU is the brain of any PC ( personal computer)

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Answer 2

central processing unit

Question 3

processor socket or CPU socket

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Answer 3

CPU socket has holes to receive the pins of the CPU

Question 4

ZIF = zero insertion force socket

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Answer 4

use a plastic or metal lever to lock the CPU to the socket without using any force.

Question 5

heat sinks and fans

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Answer 5

they are used to draw away the heat from the CPU

Question 6

Expansion slots: PCI, PCIe, PCIx, AGP, CNR.

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Answer 6

small plastic slots( from 1 to 6 inches long and 0.5 inches wide). they are used to install various devices in the computer to expand its capabilities, some expansion devices that might be installed in these slots: video, network, sound…..

Question 7

PCI expansion slots: peripheral component interconnect.
PCI adapters or cards.
Slot for older expansion cards such as sound cards, network cards, connector cards. Have been largely replaced by PCI-Express x1 slots.
1-12

Answer 7

1- The slots and the cards are manufactured in 3.3 and 5V. the universal adapters are keyed to fit in the slots.
2- THE notch in 5V to the front of motherboard and the notch in 3.3V are toward the rear.

Question 8

PCIx expansion slots.

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Answer 8

peripheral component interconnect extended.

Question 9

AGP expansion slots.

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Answer 9

Accelerated Graphics port slots.

Question 10

PCIe expansion slots. there are 7 different link, x1, x2, x4, x8, x12, x16, x32. the more common are x1, x4, x16.
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Answer 10

peripheral component interconnect Express.

Question 11

up-plugging in PCIe.

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Answer 11

is the ability to use a higher slot for a lesser card or adapter,
like use x8 adapter in x16 slot.

Question 12

CNR Expansion slots

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Answer 12

The communication and Net working Riser expansion slots. It can be found in some older Intel motherboards. CNR is a specification that supports Audio, Modem, USB, and LAN.

Question 13

RAM: Memory slots and cache

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Answer 13

random access memry

what is RAM?…..

Question 14

power connectors

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Answer 14

20 pin block connector, connect the motherboard to the power supply.
the 4 pin power connector is to power the CPU fan.

Question 15

Firmware is the name given to any software encoded in a hardware.
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Answer 15

usually a read only memory ROM chip the beast example is BIOS chip, and some expansion cards: SCSI cards.

Question 16

1- BIOS chip
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2- Flashing the BIOS
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Answer 16

1- it is a chip in the computer that has bootup instructions (The Basic Input Output System).
It tells the computer how to do very basic things, interact
with some hardware, load the operating system,

2- Flashing it means to update it with a new program. You shouldn’t do it unless you need to do so in order to fix something. If power goes out while flashing, you can be left with an unbootable computer.

Question 17

POST: power on self-test

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Answer 17

When we first turn on the computer,we see the BIOS starting to load the computer. This process is called POST, “Power On Self-Test”. During POST, the BIOS finds and verifies the system memory, activates and checks system devices, and locates boot devices, and then passes control to the operating system once these tests have passed. The BIOS also offers configuration settings such as to boot order, power-on password, and CPU settings.

Question 18

CMOS and CMOS battery.

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Answer 18

the complementary oxide semiconductor memory chip.

Question 19

CMOS

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Answer 19

it keep the setting for the time, date, memory,CPU setting such as overclocking.

Question 20

jumpers and DIP switches

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Answer 20

they are used to configure various hardware options on the motherboard. for EX: the jumpers are used to clear the CMOS memory.

Question 21

front panel connector

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Answer 21

power button,
power light.
reset button.
drive activity lights.
Audio jacks.
USB ports.

Question 22

CPU purposes.

1-31

Answer 22

it control and direct all the activities of the computer using both external and internal buses.

Question 23

CPU two kind.

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Answer 23

PGA: pin grid array.( Intel all pins/ AMD some pins are missing )
LGA: land grid array.

Question 24

Overclocking the CPU.

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Answer 24

overclocking involves running your processor (or CPU) at a faster speed that was intended. The harder you push your processor, the more voltage you need to give it, because without enough power, the CPU can’t run fast enough. However, higher voltage also means higher temperatures, so you need to be careful not to overheat your CPU, which can lower its life, not to mention fry it completely if you aren’t careful.

Question 25

byte

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Answer 25

A byte is a set of 8 bits that represent a single character in the computer’s memory. Do not confuse this term with “bite,” as in taking a bite of a cookie, because that is totally different. While bits are often used to measure data transfer speeds, bytes are used to measure file sizes, hard disk space, and computer memory. Larger amounts of data are measured in units such as megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes. For example, one kilobyte is equal to 1,024 bytes.

Question 26

bit

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Answer 26

A bit (short for “binary digit”) is the smallest unit of measurement used to quantify computer data. It contains a single binary value of 0 or 1.

Question 27

1- Deference between byte and bit.

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Answer 27

Generally, files, storage devices, and storage capacity are measured in bytes, while data transfer rates are measured in bits. For instance, an SSD may have a storage capacity of 240 GB, while a download may transfer at 10 Mbps. Additionally, bits are also used to describe processor architecture, such as a 32-bit or 64-bit processor.

Question 28

2- Deference between byte and bit.

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Answer 28

While a single bit can define a value of True (1) or False (0), an individual bit has little other use. Therefore, in computer storage, bits are often grouped together in 8-bit clusters called bytes. Since a byte contains eight bits that each have two possible values, a single byte may have 2 (8) or 256 different values.

Question 29

3- Deference between byte and bit.

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Answer 29

The terms “bits” and “bytes” are often confused and are even used interchangeably since they sound similar and are both abbreviated with the letter “B.” However, when written correctly, bits are abbreviated with a lowercase “b,” while bytes are abbreviated with a capital “B.” It is important not to confuse these two terms, since any measurement in bytes contains eight times as many bits. For example, a small text file that is 4 KB in size contains 4,000 bytes, or 32,000 bits.

Question 30

Memory or random access memory.

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Answer 30

is the place in a computer where the operating system, application programs, and data in current use are kept so that they can be quickly reached by the computer’s processor.

Question 31

parity checking

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Answer 31

Parity checking is a rather simple method of detecting memory errors, without any correction capabilities. Basically every byte has a ‘parity’ bit associated with it, for a total of nine (9) bits per byte (eight data bits plus one parity bit). The parity bit is set at write time, and then calculated and compared at read time to determine if any of the bits have changed since the data was stored. This type of checking is limited to detection of single bit errors. If two bits have been altered, the parity check will ‘pass’, and the error is allowed to possibly corrupt the data.

Question 32

parity checking four must

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Answer 32

the four must common parity schemes affecting this extra bit are known as even, odd, mark and space.

Question 33

memory bank

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Answer 33

one or more of these sets implemented as individual chips mounted on a memory module form memory bank.

Question 34

ECC: Error correcting code.

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Answer 34

Error-correcting code memory (ECC memory) is a type of computer data storage that can detect and correct the most common kinds of internal data corruption. ECC memory is used in most computers where data corruption cannot be tolerated under any circumstances, such as for scientific or financial computing.

Question 35

ECC

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Answer 35

ECC can detect single and double bit errors and actually correct single bit errors.

Question 36

Single and double sided memory.

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Answer 36

some memory modules have chips on one side while others have chips on both sides.
double sides memory chips is treated by the system as two separate memory modules.

Question 37

single, dual and triple channel memory

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Answer 37

Dual-, triple-, and quad-channel are techniques used to double, triple, or quadruple the communication speed between the memory controller and the RAM, thus increasing the system performance.

Question 38

Types of memory. three

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Answer 38

1- DRAM
2- SRAM
3- ROM

Question 39

DRAM is dynamic random access memory.

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Answer 39

1-1- Asynchronous DRAM.

1-2-Synchronous DRAM.

Question 40

Asynchronous DRAM. Three of them

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Answer 40

asynchronous is a data transmission where the communication can start and stop at any time. Data sent through an asynchronous transmission contains a start bit and stop bit, helping the receiving end know when it has received all of its data.

• FPM DRAM
• EDO DRAM
• BEDO DRAM

Question 41

Synchronous DRAM. Five of them

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Answer 41

Synchronous transmission is a process where data is transferred in regular intervals that are timed by a clocking signal; allowing for a constant and reliable transmission for time-sensitive data, such as real-time video or voice.

• SDR SDRAM
• DDR SDRAM
• DDR2 SDRAM
• DDR3 SDRAM
• DRDRAM

Question 42

SRAM static random access memory

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Answer 42

Short for Static RAM, SRAM is computer memory that requires a constant power flow to hold information. Power consumption varies widely based on how frequently the memory is accessed. Although quicker than DRAM, SRAM is more expensive and holds fewer data per unit volume; therefore, it is commonly only used in cache and video card memory.

Question 43

ROM

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Answer 43

read only memory

Question 44

3 control types, what are they?

Answer 44

Management, operational, Technical.