4,9,11 Flashcards
(159 cards)
0
Q
Waking consciousness
A
Thoughts feelings sensations are clear and organized
1
Q
Consciousness define
A
Is your awareness of everything tht is going around you. And inside your head! SENSATION THOUGHT FEELINGS
2
Q
Altered states of consciousness
What types? (4)
A
Shift in the quality of your mental activity. Feel less alert Multitasking 1)daydreamin 2) hypnotized 3) achieving meditative state 4)SLEEP
3
Q
What can cause altered states? (Food/drink)
A
Caffeine tobacco alcohol
4
Q
Biological rhythm define and examples
A
Natural cycles of the human body
Menstruation, heart beat,
Effect rise and fall of blood pressure
And body temperature
Sleep/wake cycle
5
Q
Circadian rhythm
Another name
A
Sleep/wake cycle
About one day to complete
Controlled by the hypothalamus
Sleep a couple of hours in a day
6
Q
Role of hypothalamus
Effect of melatonin benefits
A
Influences suprachiasmatic nucleus that’s in the hypothalamus
USED TO TREAT JET LAG
HELPS SHIFT-WORK people with jobs
7
Q
Serotonin effect
A
Neurons are most active during wakefulness
Some are excitatory and inhibitory
Serotonin effects body temp when asleep
8
Q
Microsleeps
A
Mice, treadmill, water hamster take microsleep
Sleeping for a couple of seconds!
CAUSES MANY CAR ACCIDENTS
9
Q
SLEEP DEPRIVATION
A
Loss of sleep
Students and cramming
Droopy eyes
Trembling
Staring off in space
Can cause diabetes
10
Q
Adaptive theory of sleep
A
Sleep = EVOLUTION
avoid being present when a predator is bear by thus sleeping
Predators sleep in the day (lions)
11
Q
Restorative theory of sleep
A
Sleep is necessary for the physical health.
Cells, chemicals Replenish when we sleep, body growth
Brain plasticity is enhanced
12
Q
REM sleep
A
Rapid eye movement
Most of the dreaming takes place.
Voluntary muscles are inhibited
13
Q
Non REM
A
Lighter stages to a much more restful sleep.
Free to move around
14
Q
Beta wave show what and what are they
A
Small and fast
Wide awake and mentally active
15
Q
Alpha waves what are they
A
Larger and slower
Then turn into theta wave
Relaxes and feels drowsy I
16
Q
Stages of sleep
A
Beta Alpha N1 N2 N3 &4 Deep non REM
17
Q
N1 stage is what
A
Light sleep
Theta wave increases and alpha fades
See HYPNOGOGIC IMAGES
18
Q
HYPNOGOGIC images/ hallucination
A
Hallucination Ghostly visits Aliens Near death experience N1 light sleep
19
Q
Hypnic jerk
A
Big jerk as you drift off to sleep
Body jerks when we fell in the evolutionary past
N1 sleep
20
Q
N2
A
Sleep Spindles: brief bursts of activity lasting one sec
THEATA WAVES
Body temperature continues to drop
Heart rate is slowed breathing slow
21
Q
N3
A
DELTA WAVES
Contributed 20%-50% of brain activity
Growth hormones released
DEEPEST SLEEP
Sleep walking and night terrors
22
Q
Sleep paralysis occurs when
A
REM SLEEP
23
Q
REM
A
Deprived of REM you will get more the next night
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Nightmares
They are bad dream
Children tend to have more
Becuase they have more REM SLEEP
Vivid memories
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Night terrors
Is a disorder
More likely in Children and are likely to be gone.
It's a panic when asleep, they may scream and thrash around
Unable to breathe don't remember
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Insomnia
The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep or get a good quality of sleep
Anxiety causes
Too much caffeine
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Sleep apnea
Breathing is blocked therefore snore
Stops breathing! For 10 seconds or more
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Narcolepsy
Sleep seizures
A person can flip suddenly to REM
STRONG EMOTIONS
SUDDEN LOSS OF MUSCLE TONE
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Sleepwalking occurs in what stage
N3!!
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Manifest content
Dream is the actual dream itself.
Dreaming you peed in bed. You preed your bed
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Latent content
True meaning of the dream is hidden
| (Latent) everything symbolizes somethin.
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Activation synthesis hypothesis
The pons in the brainstem sends random signals to the upper part of the brain during REM.
Passes through thalamus
Sends to cortex and make up random stories of dreams
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Activation information model
Information is accessed during waking hours can have influence on dreams.
Uses experiences to make dream so dreams have meaning
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Freud says dreams are made of
Wish fulfillment
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The actual content of a dream is called
Manifest content
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Most people tend to
Dream in color
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Hypnosis
Is a state of consciousness in which s person is susceptible to suggestions
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Dissociation
Splitting of the conscious awareness
One part is aware of the activity while the hypnotized part is not
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Social cognitive theory
Suggests that people assume roles based on expectations for a given situation
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Psychoactive drugs
Chemical substances that alter thinking, perception, memory
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Physical dependence
Causes the user's body to crave the drug.
Unable to function with out without the drug
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Drug tolerance
Larger and larger amounts are needed to achieve the same initial effect of the drug
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Withdrawal
Experiences symptoms when deprived of the drugs.
Headaches, nausea, irritability, pain etc
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT: removing pain by giving something
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Stimulants
Examples!!
Drugs that increase functioning of the nervous system
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Nicotine
Caffeine
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Depressants
| Examples
Drugs that decrease functioning of the nervous system
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Alcohol
Opium/morphine/heroin
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Hallucinogenic
Drugs that alter perceptions and may cause hallucinations
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Amphetamines is what?
Treat attention deficit/hyperactivity
Meth!
Uses the energy reserves! Effects the sympathetic nervous system!
STIMULANT
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Cocaine is what?
Stimulant
Produces feelings of euphoria
Suppresses appetite and pain
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Benzodiazepines is what?
Depressant
Tranquilizer
Valium and Xanax
Rohypnol: date rape drug
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Alcohol is what?
| What does it effect
Depressant!!
Depressant the inhibitions!!
Loses social rules!
Stimulates release of GABA!
Slows or stood neural activity
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Examples of narcotics
Opium- pain releasing euphoria
Mimics endorphins! (Painkillers)
Thus the body stops endorphins and the withdrawal is painful
Morphine-control severe pain! Came from opium
Heroin- very addictive
52
Hallucinogens examples
LSD- came from fungus, distorts reality! Make poor decision
PCP- vet tranquilizer! Violence!
MDMA- ecstasy- releases a lot of serotonin and blocks reuptake! Dehydration/ raised body temp
Marijuana!- natural
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Which drug causes physical withdrawl symptom! Mood swing paranoia fatigue and unable to feel happiness
Cocaine
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Extrinsic motivation
A person performs an action that leads to an outcome that is separate from the person.
Giving child money for an A
Increase performance will be given bonuses
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Intrinsic motivation
A person performs the action because the act itself is rewarding or fun to the individual
Intrinsicly motivated they are more creative
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Instincts
Biologically determined and innate patterns of behaviors
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What is a need
Is a requirement of some material (food or water) that is essential for survival
Thus it leads to a drive to reduce tension
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Drive reduction theory
Connection between internal physiological states and outward behavior.
Prinary drive- survival needs of the body
Secondary
Learned through experience or conditioning
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Primary drive
Are those involved with survival needs.
| Hunger and thirst
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Secondary drive
Are those that learn through experience
| Money or social approval
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Carols dweck self theory of motivation
The need for achievement is closely related to personality factors including a persons view of how the self can affect the individual perception of the success or failure of their action
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Motivation is a process by which activities are... (3)
Started directed and continued
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Stimulus motive
Appears to be not learned but caused an increase in stimulation.
Example
Curiosity, playing, exploration
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Optimum arousal
People have an optimal level of tension.
Too much and too less is bad
Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Yerkes- Dodson law
Law refers to stimulus intensity, not arousal lvl
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Easy tasks are performed well when
We are at high moderate lvl of arousal
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Difficult task are performed well when we
Have a low moderate arousal level
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Sensation seekers
Need more arousal
More complex and varied sensory experience.
ITS NOT ALWAYS DANGER
traveling to different countries
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Incentive approach
External stimulus and it's rewarding properties. Independent of any need or arousal.
Full but wanting to eat pie. And eat it
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Self actualization
People have satisfied the lower needs and achieve HUMAN POTENTIAL!!!
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Maslow hierarchy of needs (8)
8) Physiological needs
7) Safety needs
6) Need of love/accepted
5) To achieve/gain approval
4) Cognitive needs
3) Aesthetic needs- beauty/order
2) Self actualization-self fulfillment realize potential
1) Spiritual need
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Stressor
Stress causing events
Within a person from an external source
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What is distress and what is it part of
Part of stressor
When people unpleasant stressor which comes from positive events.
Marriage, promotion, baby
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Eustress
As the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well being.
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Stress isn't bade why?
Many students wouldn't study if there's no stress.
| Arousal and anxiety could help the brain
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Social readjustment rating scale
Amount of stress in a persons life
Adding up "life change units"
300 and higher are majorly stressed
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Items that are most stressed and least on the SRRS
```
Death of a spouse
Divorce
jail
Illness
Marriage
-----------
Vacation
Christmas
Minor violation
```
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CUSS college undergrad stressor scale
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Rape
Friends death
STD
Finals
Flunking class
-----------------
Peer pressure
Homesick
Falling asleep in class
Dating
```
79
Hassles
Daily annoyances
Misplacing thing
Causes headaches
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Ages 3-5 what are the daily hassle
Getting teased
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6-10 biggest hassle
Getting bad grades
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11-15 biggest hassle
Drugs and peer pressure
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16-22 biggest hassle
School or work
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Adults biggest stressor
Fights between family
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Psychological factor in stress (5)
```
Pressure
Uncontrollability
Frustration
Aggression
Conflict
```
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Pressure
People feel they have to work harder and faster to meet deadline
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Uncontrollability
Degree of control they have in the situation
More active retirees if they choose activity
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Frustration
Blocked or prevented from scoring the goals
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Internal frustration
Personal frustration
| The goal or need cannot be attained based on personal characteristic.
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Frustration steps
Persistence is the first step
Aggression
Escape
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Displaced aggression
Frustrated at work this comes home to yell at someone else! Creates scapegoats
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Escape/withdrawl
Dropping out of school, quitting ending a relationship
To use of drugs/fantasy maybe suicide.
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Approach-approach conflict
Experiences desire for two goals
Both are positive!
Win-win
Only stress is losing the opportunity of the othe
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Avoidance-avoidance conflicts
Two or more goals that are unpleasant "out of the frying pan into the fire"
Lose lose
MORE STRESS THAN APPROACH APPROACH
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Approach-avoidance conflict
Event may have both positive and negative. Marriage/ promotion to a city that's not liked
MOST STRESS
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Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts
Choice between two goals that have both positive and negative elements.
Double approach avoidance conflicts
Moving to the suburbs or city
Each has both positive and negative
Back and forth between decisions
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Autonomic nervous system
Responsible with in voluntary life sustaining activities
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Sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight
| Heart increase, digestion slows, stressed situation
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Parasympathetic
Returns the body to normal
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General adaption syndrome "(3)
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
How body responds to stress
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Alarm
First reacts to a stressor
Adrenal release hormones to increase heart rates. Blood pressure m, bursting of energy
FEVER HEADACHE NAUSEA
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Resistance
Body is in sympathetic division activity, continue to release stress hormones
Feel no pain
Continue until it uses up all its resources
Norepinephrine- effects brain processing
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Exhaustion
Body resource are gone
| End of stressor the parasympathetic activates and replenished resources
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What hormones deal with stressor
Gluccorticoids
EPINEPHERINE
norepinephrine
105
Vagus nerve
Has receptor sites that signal the brain that the body is sick causing the brain to resound further
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Stress activates first
In the brain rather than blood stream
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Acute stress and chronic
Acute
Helps overcome
Chronic
Bad, depletes the body of resources
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Glucocorticoids
| long term stress
```
BASICALLY A STEROID
Increase BP
Weight gain
suppress immune
Destroys neurons and hippocampus
Damage muscle tissue
```
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Conflictive mediation am theory of emotions
People think about and appraise s stressor is a major factor in how stressful that particular stressor becomes
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Primary appraisal
Involved in estimating the severity of the stressor and classify as a threat or a challenge
Harmful? Go to secondary
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Secondary appraisal
Estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor. MORE STRESS IF RESOURCE IS LACK
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Appraisal Are influenced by...
Personality
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Personality depends on
How a person views life
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Type A
```
Competitive
Ambitious
Greater risk of heart disease
Multiple things
Quick to anger
```
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Type B
Really relax
Little risk for heart disease
Less driven
Slow to anger
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Type C
```
Pleasant
Peace keeper
INTERNALIZE
not express emotions
Hugh cancer rate
```
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Type H
Similar to A
Thrive in stress rather than getting worn down
Deep sense of commitment
Control over life
View problems as challenges
DONT HAVE NEGATIVE HEALTH RISKS
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Burnout
Negative changes in thoughts/emotions/ and behavior as a result of prolong stressed.
Physical and mental exhaustion
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Acculturative stress
Adapting a new or different culture
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Integration
Individual maintains a sense of original culture while also trying to form positive relationships.
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Assimilation
Minority's give up their old identity
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Separation
Minority rejects the majority cultures ways and tries to maintain the original
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Problem-focus coping
When people try to eliminate the source of stressor reduce impact through own action
```
Talking to the teacher after class
Asking fellow students
```
124
Emotion-focused coping
Changing the way a person feels or emotionally ready to stressor
Uncontrollable stressor
View stressor as a challenge not a threat
Humor
125
Self determination theory
| Three needs
Autonomy- need to be in control of ones own behavior.
Competence- need to be able to master the challenges
Relatedness- to feel a sense of belonging
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Autonomy
Need to be in control of ones own behavior and goals
Self determination
127
Competence
The need to be able to master the challenges of life
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Relatedness
To feel the need of belonging, intimacy, and security with relationship of others.
129
Insulin
Hormone reduces of glucose in bloodstream
Release greater amount after eating has begun. Causes a feeling of more hunger because of the drop in blood sugar
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Glucagon
Hormone increase levels of glucose in bloodstream.
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Leptin
Hormone
Controls appetite
It signals hypothalamus that you've had enough food
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Hypothalamus
Controls motivation
Ventralmedial hypothalamus involved with stopping of eating when glucose rises
Lateral hypothalamus-
Influence eating when insulin evils go up damage in this area causes stop eating
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Weight set point
Hypothalamus effects the particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain.
134
Basal metabolic rate
The rate in which the body burns energy when a person is resting.
Decrease this makes you fat as you get older .
135
If calorie intake stays the same, as god basal metabolic rate decreases, the weight set point...
Increase
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What are the three elements of emotions
Certain physical arousal
Certain behavior that reveals feelings
Inner awareness of the feeling
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Emotions are?
Is an arousal created by sympathetic nervous system
Heart rate increases
Breathing more rapid
Pupils dilate
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Which part of the brain manages emotions
Amygdala
| Emotions like fear and pleasure
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Low road
Emotion provoking stimulus
Faster simpler path allowing for quick response.
Before we are consciously aware
"DANGER"
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High road
Uses virtual pathways and is slower and more complex. Recognize threats
More consciously take control of our emotional response
"It's a shark"
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Positive emotions are found
In the left frontal lobe
142
Negative feelings are located where
Right frontal lobe
143
Identifying another emotion is where
Right hemisphere is more active
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Controlling emotions are located
Lateral prefronta cortex and anteror cortex
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Display rules
Varies from culture to culture
Are learned ways of controlling displays of emotions in social settings
Japanese do not show emotions outside socially
146
Individualistic
Comes from display rules
Placing importance of the individual above social groups
US
147
Collectivist a
Part of display rules
Placing the importance of the social group above individual
Japanese
148
Seven facial expressions that are recognizable in every culture
```
Anger
Fear
Disgust
Happiness
Surprise
Sadness
Contempt
```
149
James Lange theory
The stimulus produces a physiological reaction. Arousal of the fight or flight sympathetic nervous system
"I am afraid because I'm shaking"
150
Common sense theory
A stimulus leads to an emotion of fear, which leads to arousal through autonomic nervous system
"I'm shaking because I'm scared"
151
Cannon bard theory of arousal
Stimulus
(Vagus nerve a cranial nerve)
The stimulus
First response is the brain activity than to both fear and arousal
"I'm shaking and feel in afraid at the same time"
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Schatcher-singer cognitive arousal
Stimulus of the snaring
Physical arousal and a labeling of the aroussl based in cues from the environment
Then emotions
"This snarling dog is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid"
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Facial feed back hypothesis
This explanation assumes facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed
1) intensifies the emotion
2) causes emotions
154
Lazarus's cognitive-mediational theory
How the person interprets the stimulus that causes the emotional reaction
Interpret the threat have the fear then you respond
"Middle is fear"
(Dog behind a fence)
155
Hypnopomoic hallucination
A hallucination that happens just as a person is in between state of being REM sleep and no get fully awake
156
Internal locus of control
Intelligence is changeable and can be shaped by experience
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External locus of control
Intelligence is fixed unchanging and independent
158
Integration
Tries to form to another culture while maintains his own
