Psychology 1-3 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Neurons are what?
A
Cells that are responsible for communicating between cells. Send and receive messages
2
Q
Glia
A
Provides functional and structural support to Neurons (migration in development, deliever nutrients, waste removal, myelin sheath)
Might cause depression and schizophrenia
3
Q
Dendrites
A
receives signals and sensory neurons,
the receiving neuron fires or remains quiet
4
Q
Soma
A
contains nucleus
intergrate signal from dendrites and passes them down to axons
5
Q
axons
A
carries the signal to the opposite end
6
Q
myelin sheath
A
surrounds axons insulating from other cells and tissues
makes the signal faster
7
Q
terminal branches
A
release neuro transmitter.
8
Q
Oligodendrocyte
A
Produce myelin sheath for neurons in bothe the brain and spinal cord
9
Q
Schwann Cells
A
produce myelin for the neurons of the body (peripheral nervous system)
Damaged nerve fibers can help repair themselves
10
Q
resting potential
A
inside more negative
outside more positive
11
Q
what does the action potential do
A
when positive sodium ions enters the cell which causes a reversal of the electrical charge from negative to positive.
after the action potential moves down the towards the terminal. the cell areas return to their resting state of negative.
12
Q
Sensory neurons
A
neurons that carry info from the sense receptors to the central nervous system
13
Q
motor neurons
A
neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscle and glands
14
Q
Interneurons
A
Neural connectors link sensory and motor neurons
15
Q
What happens in the synapse when releasing neurotrasmitter
A
Nerve impulse reaches the axon tr=erminal triggering the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles.
16
Q
agonist
A
a chemical substance that mimics or enhances the effects of a neurotransmitter for ACh.
17
Q
antagonist
A
a chemical substance that blocks or reduces the effects of a neuro transmitter for ACh
18
Q
inside the cell
A
Potassium K+
Proteins A-
19
Q
outside the cell
A
Sodium Na+
Chloride Cl-
Calcium Ca++
20
Q
action potential
A
electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduciton of info along an axon to its terminals
-70mV to +40mV
21
Q
Acetylcholine (ACh)
A
enables muscle action, learning, memory
undersupplied could lead to alzhemer’s disease
Flood could cause convulsion
22
Q
Dopamin
A
Influences movement learning attention and emotions
excess dopamine receptor activity linked to schizophrenia.
little dopamine creates parkinson’s
23
Q
Serotonin
A
Affects mood hunger sleep and arousal
undersupply linked to depression
24
Q
Norepinephrine
A
helps control alertness and arousal
25
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insominia
26
Glutamate
major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in MEMORY
| oversupply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines and seizures
27
reuptake
cocaine (dopamine) affects by blocking this. some neurotransmitters drift away after the process of diffusion but must just go back in the synaptic vesicles
28
Central nervous system
composed of the brain and the spinal cord. control the life sustaining functions of the body as well as all thought, emotion, and behavior.
29
Peripheral Nervous System
All other nerves
| links CNS to sensory receptors muscles , glands etc.
30
afferent (sensory) neurons
carry messages from the senses to the spinal cord
31
efferent (motor) neurons
that carry messages from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands
32
Neuroplasticity
ability to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in the brain in response to experience and even trauma
33
Somatic nervous system
"body" made of sensory pathways, nerves carrying messages from the senses to the CNS.
MOTOR pathway: messages from CNS to the VOLUNTARY muscles of the body
34
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
organs, glands, and involuntary
| divided by parasympathetic and sympathetic division
35
sympathetic division
located in the middle of the spine
FIGHT OR FLIGHT
emotion (anger, or under a lot of stress)
36
Parasympathetic
Rest and digest
| returns body to stable state
37
endocrine glands
uses hormones to communicate instead of neurotransmitters
38
hormones
they are released into the blood by endocrine glands farther reach
39
pituitary gland
found in the brain below the hypothlamus.
| master gland that controls or influences all of the other glands.
40
The Pineal gland
near the back of the brain
| secretes melatonin, help keep track of the day length. sleep and wake
41
thyroid gland
inside the neck
thyroxin
regulates growth and metabolism
and brain and body development
42
Pancreas
controls the level of blood sugar.
Insulin and glucagon (less=diabetes)
(more=hypoglycemia)
43
The gonads
sex glands
| ovaries and testes
44
adrenal glands
top of each kidney
release epinephrine and norepinephrine
produces over 30 different hormones
regulate salt intake, control stress, provide sex hormones.
CORTISOL: release glucose during stress, provides energy for the brain.
45
what is in the Hindbrain
```
C.R.M.P
Medulla
Pons
Reticular formation
Cerebellum
```
46
Medulla
Controls basic life sustaining fuctions
swallowing/heartbeat/breathing
CANT LIVE WITHOUT IT
47
Pons "bridge"
```
connects lower and upper part of the brain
plays a role in
sleep
dreaming
arousal
coordinates movement
```
48
Reticular formation
runs through medulla and pons
selective attention
wakefulness
alertness
49
Cerebellum
motor center
coordinates the skeletal muscles
automative
Habits
50
Limbic system
responsible for emtions
eating drinking reproduction, etc.
learning
memory
51
Thalamus
relay sensory info from lower part of the brain
52
hypothalamus
regulates body temp, thirst, hunger sleep, wakefullness
53
Hippocamus
"sea horse"
| long term memory
54
Amygdala
responsible for fear responses and memory of fear
55
Frontal lobe
```
High mental processes
abstract, complex thoughts
emotional processing
decision making
planning and problem solving
FLUENCY IN SPEECH
bEHAVIORAL CONTROL
```
56
PARIETAL LOBE
Sensation and perception integrating sensroy input
57
Occipital lobe
Processes visual info from the eyes
| color
58
Temporal lobe
Processes auditory info form ears idetifies and makes sense of auditory info
(communication)
59
Left hemisphere of the brain
```
controls the right side
speech and language
verbal reasoning
logic
math
reading
```
60
right hemisphere
```
controls left side of the body
spatial and pattern skills
recognizes faces
non verbal
music artistic
`
```
61
CT scan (computed tomography
```
brain imaging method that takes an x ray
detects damages
low resolution
(above cut)
MAPS THE STRUCTURE
```
62
MRI (magnetic resonance imagining)
```
(side view)
Uses magnets
provides more detail than CT
can't see the function
MAPS THE STRUCTURE
```
63
EEG (electrencephalogram)
records electric activity from the brain
| records a huge number of neurons
64
PET (Positron emission tomography)
Radioactive sugar is injected and creates a color coded image of the brain activity
which part of the brain uses the most sugar
65
fMRI (fuctional MRI)
detects levels of oxygen, neurons that are active require more blood flow.
can see in real time
indirect measure of activity.
66
Sensation
eyes, ears nose, skin and taste
67
transduction
process of converting outside stimuli activity
68
Subliminal stimuli
are stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness
| act upon the unconscious mind
69
habituation
ignore the conscious attention to stimuli that do not change. hearing and ignoring air conditioner. BRAIN
70
sensory adaption
constant unchanging receptors is effectively
receptor cell themselves become less responsive to an unchanging stimulus- garbage odor- it no longer sends signal to the brain RECEPTOR
71
Weber's law
Whatever the difference is between 2 stimuli, it is always constant
comparing lbs. 3-6 lbs and 12-15lbs
72
difference threshold
smallest difference between 2 stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time. just noticeable
73
Cornea
bends light waves so the image can be focused on the retina.
| LASIK
74
Aqueous humor
clear liquid that nourishes the eye
75
iris
it's muscles control the size of the pupil
76
pupil
Iris opening that changes size depending on the amount of light in the enviroment
77
Lens
changes shape to bring objects to focus VISUAL ACCOMODATION
78
Retina
contains photoreceptor cells absorbing light and processing light
79
Fovea
central area of retina; greatest density of photoreceptors
80
blind spot
where the optic nerve leaves the eye; there are no photo receptor cells here
81
process of which light enters
1)Light passes through ganglion and bipolar cells until it reaches rods and cones (photo receptors)
82
What are the photo receptors and what do they do
rods- 120 million on the peripheral, high sensitivity to dim light.THEY ARE NOT IN THE FOVEA
cones- 6 million, located in the center, low sensitivity in dim light, COLOR,
83
TRICHROMATIC
Three colors; red cones blue cones green cones
| GRB
84
Opponent process theory
after image occurs.
red green blue yellow
red is paired with its opponent green
and blue is paired with its opponent yellow
85
what is the range of human hearing?
dogs?
dolphins?
20-20,000hz
50-60,000hz
up to 200,00hz
86
Outer ear has what
Pinna- functions as a funnel
| entrance to the auditory canal
87
Middle ear has what bones
1)hammer (malleus)
anvil (incus)
stirrup (stapes)- last bone in the chain, causes a membrane covering the opening of the inner ear to vibrate
88
inner ear has waht
oval window,
Cochlea-filled with fluid, it also vibrates
fluid surrounds the basilar membrane
89
What is the basilar membrance
is the resting place of the organ of Corti which contains the RECEPTOR CELLS FOR THE SENSE OF HEARING.
hair cells send signal to the auditory nerve.
90
Place theory
we perceive different pitches because of stimulation of hair cells in different location on the basilar membrane
91
Frequency theory
we perceived pitch is related to the speed of vibrations in the Basilar membrane.
92
volley principle
perceived pitch (out of range pitches) is due to groups of neurons taking runs firing.
93
conduction hearing loss
problem with outer or middle ear
| sound vibrations cannot be passed from ear drunm to cochlea HEARING AIDS
94
nerve hearing impairment
problem with the inner ear, pathways to the brain, critical areas of the brain
95
SMELL (olfaction)
chemicals present in the air are the stimulus
olfactory bulb
olfactory receptor
96
taste (gustation)
sweet sour salty bitter umami fat
TASTEBUDS ARE RECEPTOR CELLS
PAPILLAE ARE NEXT TO TASTE BUDS
97
What is Somesthetic sense
body sense
touch, pressure, temperature, pain
located in the skin
different types of receptors detect different skin senses
98
Gate control theory
spinal cord contains the gate that block pain
gate opens when it is painful
closes later
99
Kinesthetic sense
Sense of location of the body parts in relation to each other and in space (movement and position)
RECEPTORS ARE IN THE MUSCLES JOINTS AND TENDONS
100
Vesticular senses
Sensations of movement balance, body position
101
size constancy
tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of distance
102
Shape constancy
tendency to interpret the shape of an oject as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina
103
brightness constancy
perceiving the apparent brightness of an object as the same, even when the light conditions change
104
Figure ground
Tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background
105
proximity
tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping
106
Similarity
tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group
107
closure
tendency to complete figures that are incomplete
108
continuity
tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous patter rather than with a complex pattern
109
contiguity
perceive things that happen close together in time as being related
Ventriloquist
110
common region
tendency to perceive objects that are in common are
111
binocular cues
cues that depend on the use of both eyes
- retinal disparity= slighty different images because they are a few inches apart
- convergence= rotation of the eye is closer
112
monocular cues
distances cues available to either eye alone
| tons of exmaples
113
phi phenomenon
lights turned on in a sequence. (christmas lights)
114
autokinetic effect
a small stationary light in a dark room appear to move because there ar eno surrounding cues
115
stroboscopic motion
motion pictures
116
Broca area
Left frontal lobe
Production of speech
Unable to use words smoothly
Mispronunciation
117
Wernicke's area
Left temporal lobe
Unable to speak fluently
Thoughts making sense but doesn't
118
Reflex arc
What three parts make it up
Afferent neurons, efferent neurons, interneurons
119
Visual accomodation
Flexible held in place by muscle
| Objects near and far away
120
Operational definition
Researcher must identify what is shreds ice behavior
