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Psychology 101 > Chapter 5-7 > Flashcards

Chapter 5-7 Flashcards

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0
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than he original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

A relatively permanent CHANGE in knowledge or behavior that come from EXPERIENCES

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2
Q

What is unconditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that elicit and unconditioned response.
(You don’t realize what you’re doing)

Food!

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3
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Is an automatic reaction to something
It’s involuntary
Drooling!

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4
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

It’s a stimulus that has no effect on he desired response

The bell

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5
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Originally it is irrelevant,

But after it becomes associated with an UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS,

Adding sound of the bell to food!

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6
Q

Conditioned response

A

Learned response to previously neutral conditioned stimulus.

Bell to the salivation

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7
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency for the STIMULI similar to the Conditioned response to induce a similar conditioned responses

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8
Q

Discrimination

A

Tendency to stop making generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS because it is NEVER paired with the unconditioned stimulus

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9
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

When a conditioned response is paired with another neutral stimuli, causing the neutral stimulus to become a New conditioned stimulus

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10
Q

Conditioned taste adversion

A

Development I an avoidance response to a taste that is followed by a nausea reaction after ONE ASSOCIATION

Biological preparedness

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11
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Aka instrumental learning
Connection between behavior and a consequence (good or bad)
Learned voluntary behavior

Association between stimulus and response

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12
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increase behavior by presenting a pleasurable stimulus.

YOU STUDY BECUASE YOU WANT AN “A”

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13
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increase behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.

YOU STUDY TO KEEP YOUR PARENTS FROM NAGGING

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14
Q

Positive punishment

A

Decreases a behavior by presenting an aversion stimulus

SPANKING

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15
Q

Negative punishment

A

Decreases behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus

Taking away tv privileges
No video games for a week
No movies

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16
Q

Fixed ratio reinforcement

A

Reinforcement is contingent upon a a fixed interval with a predictable number of responses

Picking 5 weeds get a nickel
Presses lever five time for 1 food pellet

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17
Q

Variable ratio

A

Contingent upon VARYING, unpredictable number of responses

Slot machines
Pressed lever for an average of five times for a food pellet

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18
Q

Fixed interval

A

Dependent the FIRST RESPONSE after a specific amount of time has past. How amount of responding near the end of the interval

Weekly paycheck

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19
Q

Variable interval

A

Reinforcement is dependent upon the first response after a varying and unpredictable period of time

LOKKING FOR THE SUBWAY
AVERAGE OF 30s to receive food

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20
Q

Shaping

A

Gradually molding an organism to perform s specific behavior by reinforcing any rekindled they are similar to the Desired response

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21
Q

How should punishment be applied

A

It works if it is immoderate
Consistent
Inescapable
Strong

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22
Q

When should you use punishment

A

For dangerous behavior
Use in combination with reinforcement
Used immediately

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23
Q

Operant vs classical conditioning

A 
OPERANT:
Response are voluntary
Consequences are important
Reinforcement are immediate
Increase rate of an occurring response

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
involuntary/ reflexive 
Antecedent stimuli needed form Assn.
CS must occur immditely. Before UCS
End result create new response to a stimulus that was no there before
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Albert bandura did what study
Bobo dolls Aggression Children on video were aggressive if what they watch was aggressive
25
Skinner did what kind of study
Pigeons playing ping pong | Focus on operant conditioning
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John B. Watson study
Behaviorism Used classical conditioning Using little Albert as a test to scare him of white rats
27
Define memory
- An active system that received info from the senses - organized and alter info as if stores - retrieved from storage
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What are the three stages of memory
Sensory memory Short term memory long-term memory
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Sensory memory
1st stage of memory Information enters the nervous system through sensory systems Information encoded, neural messages Very brief amount of time
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Iconic sensory memory
Visual! Being able to remember something you just saw! Whole visual field, reaction of a second
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Echoic sensory memory
Auditory! Being able to remember something you just heard. Smaller capacity than iconic but last a couple of seconds
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Short term memory
The memory system in which info is held for brief periods of time while being USED!!!! Actively thinking about it!! About 30 seconds (maintain rehearsal) Max about 7 items
33
Chunking
Organize information into meaningful units- usually automatically Phone numbers 5-1-8-4-2-8-8-8-6-6 518-428-8866
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Mnemonics
Memory aids especially those techniques that uses IMAGERY and ORGANIZATION acronyms Rhymes Phrases
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Direction of the short term memory
Any sensory messages that are important a gets sent to he CONSCIOUSNESS will move to STM through SELECTIVE ATTEN. It's finally encoded into an auditory form.
36
How does info get from short term to long term?
Elaborate- making information meaningful in some way Connecting it to something already known Encodes images, sounds, etc with meaning
37
Non declarative memory
Memories for things we know HOW TO DO! (Skills, procedures, habits, etc.) Implicit or procedural LTM
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Declarative memory Semantic Episodic
``` Explicit memory (LTM) Memories for things we consciously know! ``` Semantic: facts/general knowledge Kind of permanent Episodic: things that we experienced The updated and revised
39
Organization in LTM
Are related to meanings and concepts Network model assumes info is stored in the brain are all connected Related concepts are stored closer to each other.
40
What is the information-processing model. Name all steps
Sensory memory receives-----> working or STM (rehearses)----CONSOLIDATION----> LTM
41
Retrieval
Getting info out of LTM Stimulus for remembering The more cues the easier it is to remember. Cues are stored physically close to each other and key piece of information
42
Encoding specificity
Connection between surrounding and remembers info easier to remember if the surroundings/state/mood are the same when memory is formed as when you try to retrieve it.
43
Recall vs recognition
Recall: memories are retrieved with few or external cure (filling in blanks) Recognition: looking/hearing info and matching it with what's already in memory (multiple choice)
44
Recall and examples
Serial position effect: people recall the first and last information the best Primacy effect: first item (more rehearsal time) Regency effect last item (STM)
45
Problems with recognition
Pretty accurate with images Many false positive- error in recognition= think you recognize something but in reality you didn't
46
Constructive processing view of memory
Reconstructed from info stored during encoding every time that memories are retrieved Retrieval can be altered revised or influenced Memory is inaccurate
47
Hindsight bias
He event had been PREDICTABLE even though they had no insight at all Can cause memory distortion knew-it-all-along effect
48
How long does it take us to forget
Distinct pattern of forgetting is fast. Mostly during the 1st hour of learning then it tapers off
49
Memory trace theory
Physical changes in the brain that occurs when memory is formed Memory trace can decay over time if it's not used "Use it or lose it."
50
Interference theory
Proactive interference prevents retrieval of newer information
51
Proactive interferences
Older information prevents retrieval of newer info
52
Retroactive interference
Newer information prevents retrieval of older information
53
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to store information in LTM
54
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to retrieve long term memories from the past
55
Korsakoff's syndrome
Severe anterograde amnesia
56
Conversion from short term to Long term storage is....
Consolidation
57
Neural mechanism
Long term potentiation
58
Severe epilepsy cure?
Bilateral removal danger the HIPPOCAMPUS So he had anterograde amnesia Existing memory were preserved no new memory was formed.
59
Mental imagery
Mental representations that stand for objects or events and have picture like quality ``` Can flip etc Can use concepts= ideas that represent a class or category of object, events, and activities ```
60
Formal concepts
Defined by specific or features Squares have four sides four angles etc
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Natural concept
Concepts peopled form as a result of their experiences in the real world Vehicles
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Prototype
Things that are natural to us and known to us. Can cause classification problems if it doesn't fit. Olives and tomatoes are fruit
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Trial and error
Mechanical solution | Method of problem solving in which one solution after another Is tried until a successful one is found
64
Algorithm
Very specific step by step procedures for solving problems Will always result in a solution Math formulas
65
Heuristic
Educated guess Rule of thumb Prior experiences that help narrow down the possible solutions for s problem
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Representativeness heuristic
Judges the likelihood of something based on their "fit" to a certain prototype. Rather than statistically
67
Availability heuristic
Judge things based on their availability in memory; how east is to think of related examples. First thing that comes to your mind
68
Insight
Realization of the solution to a problem Light bulb moment
69
Convergent thinking
One solution
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Divergent thinking
Multiple solutions and possibilities
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Mental sets
Tendency to persist in using problem solving patterns that worked in the past
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Confirmation bias
Attending information that confirms or firs ones beliefs while ignoring the evidence that disproves t
73
Fictional fixedness
Tendency to think of kings only in terms of their usual function
74
Fixation
Inability to see a problem from a new perspective
75
Broca area is associated with what
With language PRODUCTION!
76
WERNICKE AREA associated
With language COMPREHENSION AND RECOGNITION
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Grammar is what?
A system of rules governing structure and use of a language
78
Phonemes
Set of basic sounds that can have more than one sound and letter
79
Visual spatial
Ability to understand girls objects are oriented in space Pilots astronauts artists
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Interpersonal
Sensitivity to others and understanding motivation of others Psychologist and managers
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Intrapersonal
Understanding ones emotions and how they guide actions Various people oriented careers
82
Naturalist
Ability to recognize the patterns found in nature Farmers landscaper biologist
83
Existentialist (a candid intelligence)
Ability to see the big picture of the human world by asking questions about life and death Philosophers, thinkers
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Three types of analysis
Analytical Creative Practical
85
Analytical
Academic problem solving "book smart" break down problems for analysis
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Creative intelligence
Adaptive to novel situation by generating novel ideas, can come with new wars to solve problems
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Practical intelligence
Common sense, user for everyday tasks "street smart"
88
Alfred Binet did what?
The first intelligence test! Mental age! IQ test
89
Formula for IQ?
Mental age divided by chronological age! Times 100!! 15 interval
90
Wechsler tests (4)
Provides 3 scores verbal and non verbal/performance for these domains. - verbal comprehension - perceptual reasoning - Working Memory index - processing speed
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Reliability
The extent to which a test yields consistent result over and over each time t is given to the same people
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Validity
The degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure
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Standardization
Process of giving the test to a large group of oriole that represent the kind of people for whom the test is designed.
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Intellectual disability
Below 70 IQ | 2 SD below
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What is intelligence
It is stable It is heritable It is comprised of multiple domains It can be measured
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Vicarious conditioning
How people react to emotions even if they aren't directly exposing them To it
97
A behavior is more resistant to extinction of it is
Partially reinforced
98
What are the elements of observational learning. BANDURA
Attention Memory Imitation Desire
99
Primary reinforcer
Hungry drive Thirst drive Pleasure drive Toddlers consider this more Hurts when removed
100
Secondary reinforcer
Money | Praise instead of touch can make a puppy delight
101
Latent learning
Learning without obvious reinforcement of the behavior. It's not immediately expressed
102
Animals tendency to revert to genetically controller patterns is
Instinctive drift
103
Time out is an example of
Punishment by removal

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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