Test 4 Flashcards
(106 cards)
0
Q
Conformity
A
Changing ones own behavior to more closely match the actions of others
1
Q
Social influence
A
Process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual.
2
Q
Asch’s classical study
A
7 participants
The line experiment
3
Q
Factors that effect conformity
A
Conformity when activity is hard
Degree of unity- it’s great
Group size- increasing group up to 4 members increases conformity no change after 7
4
Q
Group think
A
A group decision- making process in which group members convince themselves that they are correct
They become more concerned about group cohesiveness then on assessing the facts of the problems
5
Q
Characteristics of group think (8)
A
- invulnerability
- rationalization
- lack of introspection (do not examine ethical implication, they believe they can’t make immoral)
- stereotyping (ideas are weak and stupid)
- pressure
- lack of disagreement
- self-deception (sharing an illusion)
- insularity (prevent getting outside info)
6
Q
Group polarization
A
Members involved in a group discussion tend to take somewhat more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions than individuals that have not participated in a group discussion
7
Q
Social facilitation
A
The tendency of the presence if others to enhance performance on tasks.
8
Q
Social loafing
A
People who are lazy tend not to do as well as others working on the same task, but work well by themselves
9
Q
Social impairment
A
The tendency of the presence of others to decrease performance on tasks
10
Q
Deindividuation
A
Lessing of ones senses of personal identity and personal responsibility.
Groups of people feel anonymous
11
Q
Compliance
A
Changing ones behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change
12
Q
Foot in the door
A
Ask for a small commitment, get compliance, then ask for a bigger commitment
13
Q
Door in the face techniques
A
Ask for a large commitment, then ask for a smaller one after the large one is refused
14
Q
Lowball techniques
A
Getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost
15
Q
Obedience
A
Changing one’s behavior at the command of an authority figure
16
Q
Milgrims research
A
Obedience to authority Shock 120 150 300 330
17
Q
Who administers shocks
A
65% of the teachers administers the top shocks
Researcher was present the effect was stronger
Confederate was present the effect was weaker
18
Q
Original study has found that _____ of teachers will deliver shocks up to the point of being lethal
A
80
19
Q
ABC model
A
Affective component
Behavior component
Cognitive
20
Q
Affective component
A
The way a person feels towards an object/situation
I like country music, it’s fun and uplifting
21
Q
Behavior
A
Action a person takes towards an object/ situation
I buy country music every chance I get. I’m going to a concert music concert soon
22
Q
Cognitive
A
Thoughts
I think country music is better than any other kind of music I hear on the radio
23
Q
Direct contact
A
Attitudes are formed though direct contact with the person idea situation it object.
A child who dislikes Brussels sprouts because he has direct contact
24
Direct instruction
Another way attitude are formed though instructions
Parent may tell their children that smoking is dangerous and unhealthy
25
Interaction with others
Attitudes are formed through people with that attitude
Friends have the idea that smoking is cool therefore you smoke
26
Vicarious conditioning
Observable
Watching the actions of others to person/idea
Child whose mother or fathers who likes classical music children grow up to like it
27
Central route processing
People attend to the content of the message
28
Peripheral route processing
Style of information processing that relies on peripheral cues
29
Cognitive dissonance
People find themselves doing things or saying things that don't match thrift idea of themselves as smart, nice, or moral. They experience an emotional discomfort
30
Stereotype
A belief that a set of characteristics is shared by all members of a particular social category
31
Prejudice
An unjustifiable action towards members of a particular group
32
Implicit personality theory
Are a set of assumption that people have about how different types of people/personality/traits, and actions are all related and form in childhood.
33
Dispositional cause
Cause if behavior is from within the individual
34
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency for people observing someone else's actions to overestimate the influence of that persons internal characteristics on behavior and underestimated thin fluency of the situation.
35
Actor observer bias
People tend to explain the actions of others based on what kind of person they are rather than looking for outside cause such as social influence and situation.
36
In groups and out groups
In group: is all the people with whom a particular person identified
Out group: are everyone else, usually going to become stereotypes according to some superficial characteristic.
Forms in childhood!
37
Social cognitive theory
Prejudice is seen as an attitude that is formed as other attitudes are formed, through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influence on learning
38
Realistic conflict theory
Increasing prejudice and discrimination are closely tie to an increasing degree of conflict between the in group and out group.
39
Social identity theory
1) social categorization: assign themselves to social categories to help determine behavior
2) identification (social identity)
3) social comparison: people compare themselves favorably to others to improve their own self esteem
40
Stereotype vulnerability
Refers to the effect that a person's knowledge is based on the stereotype therefore it effects be behaviors
41
What is prejudice about?
Attitudes and behavior
42
Three component of love
Intimacy- the feeling of closeness that one has for another person. In this sense is not physical but psychological.
Passion- physical aspect of love, emotional and sexual arousal
Commitment- decisions one makes about a relationship. I think I'm in love
43
Romantic love
Intimacy and passion
44
Compassionate love
Intimacy and commitment
45
Which component addresses the physical aspect?
Passion
46
Three component of love are present...
Consummate
47
Aggression
Behavior intended to hurt or destroy others
48
Help or dont help (5)
1) noticing (loud crash/ cry for help)
2) defining an emergency (association w/accident)
3) taking responsibility (single bystander, helps)
4) planning a course of action (feel skills necessary)
5) taking action (costs of helping)
49
Increase levels of aggression in those who drink alcohol... Decreases what neurotransmitter
Serotonin
50
What influences altruistic behavior
Temporoparient junction
51
Psychodynamic perspective
Unconscious mind in the development of personality.
| Heavily focused on biologic cause of personality diff.
52
ID
ID: completely unconscious, pleasure seeking, hunger, thirst, sex, etc.
PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
53
Ego
"I" mostly consciousness
| Reality principle: to satisfy the demands if the ID only when there will not be negative consequences.
54
Superego
The moral center of personality.
Contains conscious
Moral anxiety
55
Five stages of personify development
Freud
1) Oral: IDA gratified itself through biting, sucking- erogenous zone is mouth
2) Anal: gratification through retention and elimination- ego development
3) Phallic:Id focuses on genitals. Superego develops
4) Latency: dormant now, sexual feelings latent
5) Genital: "mature" feelings reawaken with targets.
56
5 central trait
1- opened to experience (try new things)
2- consciencetious- people's organization and thoughtfulness of others
3-extroversion (ones need to be with people)
4-agreeableness
5- neuroticism (degree of emotional stability)
57
Trait situation interaction
Idea that the situation may govern if and how certain personality traits are expressed.
58
Social categorization
When you meet a new person and you assign them to a category
Without conscious awareness
A natural process
59
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency for people observing someone else's actions to overestimate the influence of that person internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the situation
60
Actor observer bias
Tend to explain the actions of others based on what "kind" of a person they are. Rather than looking for an outside cause
Milgram. We think teachers are crazy
61
Define deviance
Not typical
| Could be good or bad.
62
Subjective discomfort
Emotional distress while engaging in a particular behavior or thought process.
A woman suffering from a fear of going outside. Anxiety
63
Maladaptive
Interferes with the ability to function normally
Cut to relieves anxiety. Feels initial relief but is harmed by the action.
Abnormality
64
Define psychological disorders
Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes then to harm others, harms their ability to function in daily life
DEVIANT
65
Psychological disorder (5)
1- thinking/behavior is unusual
2-thinking/behavior goes against social norm
3-thinking/behavior function cause distress
4-thinking/behavior maladaptive
5-thinking/behavior causes person to be dangerous to self or others
66
DSM
Psychological symptoms often co occur in predictable patterns - syndrome
Checklist of observable symptoms
67
Acrophobia
Trypanophobia
Hemaphobia
Fear of heigh
Fear of injection
Fear of blood
68
Psychodynamic
| Abnormal behavior and thinking
Stems from repressed and urges that are fighting to be one conscious
69
OCD
Reoccurrence of unwanted and intrusive obsessive or distressing images often accompanied by compulsive behavior to cope with such thoughts
70
All or nothing thinking
Person believes that his or her performance must be perfect or nothing at all
71
Over generalization
A single negative event interpreted as never ending defeat
72
Minimization
Giving little or no emphasis to ones successes
73
Bipolar disorder
Altering between depression and mania
Manic depression
Far less common than major depressive disorder
74
Bipolar I
| Bipolar II
I- full blown mania
| II- milder agitation and anxiety (hypo mania)
75
Depression vs mania
```
Mania
Elevated mods
Doesn't need sleep
Always moving/talking
Too many thoughts
Too much interest/pleasure
```
Depression
Opposite
76
Cause of depression
Biological- associated with changes in neurotransmitter. Prevents the reuptake of serotonin
Leaves more serotonin in the synaptic cleft(good)
Selective
Serotonin
Reuptake
Inhibitors
77
Psychological causes of depression
Pessimistic explanatory style
Internal. I External
(You). I Not control
----------------I-------------
Universal. I I failed b/c I I failed b/c no test
(Always true) I I test poorly I My true ability
--------------- I---------------I----------
Specific I I failed b/c I that test was poorly
(Just an event)I no study I designed.
78
Phobic disorder
A person is afraid of something can't even look at a picture of a snake
79
What is associated with bipolar disorder
ADHD
80
Schizophrenia split mind
Split from reality not personify
81
Schizophrenia
| Grandeur
They are powerful and have to save the world
82
Schizophrenia
| Positive and negative
POSITIVE. NEGATIVE
Delusion. Flat effect
Hallucination. Poverty of speech
speech disturbances Asociality
Thought disturbances Anhedonia
Avolition
Poor attention
Learning and memory deficits
"Should be there". "Missing something"
83
Neologism
| Word salad
Make up of words that flow
| Confused unintelligible mixture of random words
84
Flat effect
Avolition
A hedonic
Poor prognosis
```
Flat effect- no emotions
Avolition- lack of motivation
Asociality- social withdrawl
Anhedonia- loss of pleasure
Poor prognosis- trouble filtering out info end stimulation that they don't need
```
85
To diagnosis you need
2 of the symptoms for at least a month
86
What causes schizophrenia
1) DOPAMINE HYPOYHESIS
Not enough DA in the prefrontal cortex (negative sym
Not enough DA in nucleus Accumbens (positive sym)
2) STRESS VULNERABILITY MODEL
Vulnerability- genetics
Stressor leads to schizophrenia
87
Anorexia
Person reduce earring to the point that their body weight is low
Less than 18.5 BMI
Take laxative
Excessive
88
Bulimia
Cycle of binge eating
| Then they purge
89
Causes of eating disorder
Adolescent or young Adult
Increased sensitivity for food- binge eating and bulimia
Lear and anxiety- anerxia
GENETICS 40-60%
90
Dissociative disorder
Dissociation in consciousness, memory, identity
| With extreme stress and trauma
91
Labotomy
Disconnects prefrontal cortex with the brain
Treatment for schizophrenia
Block dopamine receptor
92
Therapy
All treatment aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively
93
Psycho therapy
Goal is to help individuals understand themselves better
94
Insight
Ones motives in term of thoughts, behavior and feelings
Based on Freud. Unconsciousness
95
Action therapy
Is directed more at changing behavior than providing insights into the reasons for that behavior
96
Biomedical therapy
Use drugs, surgical method, electric shock, noninvasive stimulation techniques.
97
Humanistic therapy
Focus on conscious subjective experiences of emotions and the person sense of self
Focus on experiences of their daily lives
Non directed insight therapy- client does the talking, therapist listens
98
Four elements for a good person therapy relationship
Authenticity- the genuine, open, and honest response of the theorist to the client
Unconditional positive regard- the warmth, respect and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person centered therapy
Empathy- the ability of the therapist to understand
Reflection- restated what the client says, rather than interpreting those statements
99
Gestalt therapy
Directive insight therapy in which th therapist helps the client accept part of their feeling and subjective experience
100
Behavior therapy
Action therapy baed on the principles of classical and operant condition
The goal is to change disordered without concern for the original causes of the behavior
They believe learning created the problem and so learning can fix it
101
Systematic desensitization
Therapist guides the client through series of steps meant to reduce fears.
Rabbit and the approach method
102
Aversion therapy
Reduce undesirable behaviors by pairing it with an aversion stimulus.
Smoking a lot in one setting this creates dizziness
103
Exposure therapy
Introduce the client to situations that are related to their anxieties or fears
Goal is to promote new learning about the fear response
Rapid flooding
104
Token economy
Tokens can be traded for food candy treats. Token are revived for behaving correctly
Tokens can be removed for bad behavior
People with schizo and depressed
105
Contingency contract
Formal agreement between therapist and client.
Both parties responsibilities and goals are clearly stated
Drug problems and eating disorder
Consistency
