4 - adaptive immunity

Question 1

what forms the basis for natural and artificial immunity

Answer 1

immune memory

Question 2

what do vaccines initiate

Answer 2

primary immune response

Question 3

edward jenner made what connection

Answer 3

1798
connection between protecting against smallpox using fluid from cowpox postules
noticed that milk maids had gained natural immunity q

Question 4

t lymphocytes

Answer 4

kill virus-infected and cancer cells

activate other cells of immune system

Question 5

b lymphocytes

Answer 5

secrete immunoglobulins

Question 6

NK cells

Answer 6

dont need prior activation 
innate cells
hunt to find foreign antigens
lack antigen-specific receptors 
can kill virus-infected cells

Question 7

antigen defn

Answer 7

molecule recognised by the variable antigen receptors on lymphocytes

Question 8

naive lymphocytes in differentiation

Answer 8

sit in secondary lymphoid tissue
wait for information from dendritic cells
then migrate into peripheral tissue to carry out response

Question 9

communication in lymhpatic system

Answer 9

via adhesive cell surface molecules

expressed by cytokines

Question 10

how do lymphocytes enter lymphoid tissue

Answer 10

blood stream

Question 11

CD stands for

Answer 11

cluster of differentiation

Question 12

CD4

Answer 12

helper t cells
co-receptor for MHC class II

Question 13

CD8

Answer 13

cytotoxic t cells

co-receptor for MHC I

Question 14

dendritic cells found

Answer 14

epithelial and mucosal surfaces

Question 15

3 types/ locations of dendritic cells

Answer 15

langerhans
dermal
gut mucosa

Question 16

Langerhans cells

Answer 16

subset of dendritic cells found in keratinised epidermis of skin

Question 17

dermal dendritic cells

Answer 17

found in interstitial tissue

Question 18

role of m cells in immunity

Answer 18

deliver antigen from gut lumen to underlying dc cells in tissue

Question 19

what is an effector t cell

Answer 19

a differentiated and proliferated naive t cell

gets triggered to kill/activate cells displaying same MHC-antigen complex

Question 20

how are t cells focused onto target cells

Answer 20

MHC cell surface proteins

they display fragments of antigen for recognition by t cell

Question 21

importance of peter medawar 1944

Answer 21

clinical immunologist
burn victims of WWII allow opportunity to research into skin graft rejection

rejection relates to differences in MHC

Question 22

importance of MHC

Answer 22

2 classes

monitor different internal compartments of cells

Question 23

expressed by all body cells

Answer 23

MHC I

Question 24

MHC II expressed on…

Answer 24

only on immune cells

Question 25

MHC I

Answer 25

found on cell surface of all nucleated cells

Question 26

upon activation, CD8 t cells produce...

Answer 26

perforins | granzymes

Question 27

perforins

Answer 27

cytolytic proteins found in granules | form pores in target membranes

Question 28

granzymes

Answer 28

proteases released by granules that induce apoptosis in target cells

Question 29

helper t cells

Answer 29

recognise fragments that have been broken down and displayed by MHC II stimulate macrophage to destroy internalised pathogen

Question 30

B cells effect on antigens

Answer 30

internalise antigens bound to surface antibodies deliver them to internal compartments to be digested antigen presentation by MHC II

Question 31

upon activation, B cells....

Answer 31

proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cell

Question 32

cd4 t cell subsets

Answer 32

th1 | th2

Question 33

th1 function

Answer 33

promote cell mediated immune response produce cytokines that activate macrophages e.g. IFN-y, IL-10, TNF-a/B

Question 34

th2 function

Answer 34

mediate humoral immunity | produce cytokines that activate B cells and lead to antibody production

Question 35

CD28-CD80 is an example of..

Answer 35

a co-stimulatory pair

Question 36

41BBLigand binds to...

Answer 36

41BB | required for full activation of CD8 T cell