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cellular basis of immunity > 6 - bacterial immunity > Flashcards

6 - bacterial immunity Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

features of innate protection

A

broad
low-level
fast
many different pathogens

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2
Q

features of adaptive immunity

A

slower
specific for a particular microorganism
high-level protection

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3
Q

innate recognition

A

recognises molecules that have common characteristics of bacteria but are foreign to the host

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4
Q

innate receptors are ..

A

pre-coded to recognise a limited repetoire of molecules

PAMPs

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5
Q

2 innate killing mechanisms

A

complement pathway

phagocytosis

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6
Q

how is alternitve pathway activated

A

recognisiton of cell surface proteins and polysaccharides eg LPS

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7
Q

how is classical complement pathway activated

A

triggered by antibodies (bound IgM or IgG) binding to antigens

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8
Q

how is lectin complement pathay activated

A

by carbohydrates like mannose and N-acetylglycosamine

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9
Q

early events of complement

A

different for each pathway but all generate a protease

e.g. C3 convertase

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10
Q

C3 component cleaves to form

A

C3a and C3b

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11
Q

C3b

A

bound to surface of bacteria

means response is localised (no collateral damage)

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12
Q

role of C5 convertase

A

cleaves C5 to C5a and C5b

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13
Q

which component of complement becomes MAC

A

C5b

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14
Q

which components of complement are the effectors

A

C3a and C5a

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15
Q

what is the main effect of C3a and C5a

A

promote inflammation

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16
Q

how to C3a and C5b promote inflmmation

A

bind to mast cells via their receptors
- cause degranulation and release of histamine
promote vasoldilation providing access to other immune cells

act as chemoattractants - signal to phagocytes

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17
Q

how does membrane attack complex (MAC) work

A

composed of some C9 subunits
forms a pore in target membrane
promotion of unregulated movement of ions across membrane
bacterial cell lysis

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18
Q

C1q deficiency

A

leads to sepsis and meningitis

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19
Q

C3 deficiency

A

leads to respiratory tract infections and meningitis

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20
Q

types of recognition for phagocytic killing

A

direct

indirect

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21
Q

direct recognition - phagocytes

A

via antibody receptors (Fc)

via C3b receptors

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22
Q

indirect recognition - phagocytes

A

PRRs

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23
Q

TLRs

Study These Flashcards
A

type of PRR

embedded in membrane of phagocytic cell

24
Q

structure of TLR

Study These Flashcards
A

horseshoe - extracellular

dimerisation occurs intracellularly

25
describe TLR recognition --> signalling
``` PAMP binds dimerisation signalling cascade leads to activation of T factors e.g. NF-kappaB cytokine production inflammatory response ```
26
5 examples of cytokines
``` IL-1 IL-6 TNF-a Interferon-a interferon-B ```
27
role of IL-1
activates endothelial cells | causes fever
28
IL-6 role
proliferation of antiobody-producing B cells
29
effects of TNF-a
activates endothelial cells causes fever activates neutrophils
30
effects of interferon-a and interferon-B
anti-viral immunity promotes CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response
31
interferon-a used to treat
Hep A/B viral
32
interferon-B used to treat
multiple sclerosis
33
effect of bacteria binding to TLR
triggers ingestion and uptake into the phagocyte | bacteria then enters the phagosome and fuses with the lysosome --> phagolysosome
34
killing mechanisms of phagolysosome
lowers pH enzymes (lysozymes, proteases) oxygen-free radicals
35
oxygen free radicals
e.g. hydrogen peroxide superoxide generated by phagocytic cell and put into phagosome
36
Coley's toxins (1900-1910)
observed spontaneous recovery from bacterial infection? | developed concoction from bacterial cells
37
adaptive recognition
adaptive immune cells recognise antigens that are unique to an individual pathogen
38
common types of bacterial antigens on surface of bacterial cell
proteins | polysaccharides
39
2 MHC presentational pathways
protein escapes phagosome into cytosol protein taken up into pahgosome
40
if protein antigen escapes phagosome ...
antigen enters cytosol proteins recognised and processed in the proteasome proteins complexed with MHC I fragments presented to and recognised by CD8+ T cells
41
if protein antigen is taken up into phagosome
protein is killed and processed inside phagosome by endocytosis of extracellular protein complexed with MHC II antigen fragments presented to and recognised by CD4+ T cells
42
role of CD8+ T cells
activated and kill host infectected cells by releasing toxins
43
toxins released by CD8+ T cells
perforin granzymes granulysin
44
CD8 T cells are critical during which two infections
tuberculosis | salmonellosis
45
role of CD4+ t cells
activate immune system | promote cytokine production
46
effects of cytokine production due to activation of CD4+ T cells
macrophage activation inflammation maturation of antibody response
47
role of CD4+ t cells
activate immune system | promote cytokine production
48
effects of cytokine production due to activation of CD4+ T cells
macrophage activation inflammation maturation of antibody response
49
4 protective mechanisms of antibodies
1. complement pathway activation 2. agglutination 3. neutralisation 4. opsonisation
50
how do antibodies activate complement
antibodies bound to bacteria form complexes with antigens | classical pathway
51
how do antibodies protect the body using agglutination
antibodies cause bacteria to stick together and clump allowing more effective cleaning by phagocytes
52
importance of neutralisation caused bby antibodies
defends cell from antigen | neutralises cells effect eg. the toxins
53
example of a neutralising antibody
diptheria antitoxin neutralises biological effects of diptheria toxin
54
effect of antibodies against streptococcal pneumonia
antibodies cause agglutination, opsonisation and activation of complement
55
effect of antibodies against tetanus
antibodies neutralise toxin

cellular basis of immunity (21 decks)

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