1 - introduction

Question 1

immunology has been around for

Answer 1

500 million years

Question 2

earliest signs of immunology seen in

Answer 2

sponges

purely phagcytotic

Question 3

immunology seen in early sponges

Answer 3

purely phagocytotic 
phagocytic cells (primitive mobile cells) recognise foreign molecules to remove them

Question 4

second organism in immunology evolution

Answer 4

lamprey

more complex
1st sign of lymphocytes and adaptive immune cells

Question 5

3rd organsim in evolutionary immunology

Answer 5

bony fish

adaptive immunity
T and B lymphocytes

Question 6

important receptors seen in fruit flies

Answer 6

Toll receptors -type of PRR

recognise conserved components of pathogens

Question 7

differences between TLRs of fruit flies and humans

Answer 7

very similar

ours are more evolved

Question 8

snails in immunology evolution

Answer 8

vectors of human parasites

recognise antigens on surface of parasites that infect them

Question 9

important structure on snail

Answer 9

FRET

Question 10

FRET

Answer 10

fibrogen-related
loop
2 loops
can be hyper-mutated
primitive immunity

Question 11

important proteins on primitive fish

Answer 11

proteins with similar components to antibodies

e.g. CDR3

Question 12

chicken in evolution

Answer 12

compartmentalised lymphocyte differentiation

Ig gene conversion

Question 13

name some immune structures

Answer 13

GALT
thymus
spleen
dendritic cells

Question 14

GALT

Answer 14

gut associated lymphoid tissue

part of MALT
protects body against invasion from gut

Question 15

why is 70% of immune system dedicated to the gut

Answer 15

food has potential to be very damaging
constantly ingesting potentially pathogenic and toxic substances e.g. spicy curry
body needs to differentiate normal food from pathogenic organisms

Question 16

primary lymphoid organs

Answer 16

thymus

spleen

Question 17

thymus

Answer 17

gland located in neck above the heart

nursery for immune cell maturity

generates mature T lymphocytes

Question 18

spleen

Answer 18

acts as a filter

volume of blood passed through and toxins removed

storage of WBC

Question 19

dendritic cells

Answer 19

enables relaying of information from innate to adaptive immunity

migrate from site of infection into lymphatic system to activate lymphocytes

Question 20

number of cells in immune system

Answer 20

10^12

Question 21

number of different cell types in immune system

Answer 21

10

Question 22

number of cell-cell connections in immune system

Answer 22

infinite

Question 23

haematopoeitic stem cells

Answer 23

pluripotent
found in bone marrow
form immune cells

Question 24

immunity in leukemia

Answer 24

completely wiped out

requires bone marrow transplants

Question 25

3 lineages from haematopoeitc stem call

Answer 25

lymphoid myeloid erythroid

Question 26

immune memory in primitive fish and sharks

Answer 26

not good

Question 27

cytokines are secreted by cells in

Answer 27

peripheral tissues

Question 28

macrophages sit

Answer 28

underneath skin surveillance engage with infectious agents of cut

Question 29

signals sent by macrophages

Answer 29

chemical signals (cytokines) - interleukins, tumour necrosis factor

Question 30

M-CSF

Answer 30

example of cytokines signal from macrophages that would recruit more macrophages to differentiate from HSC (macrophage - colony stimulating factor)

Question 31

lymphoid lineage cells

Answer 31

NK cell B cell T cell dendritic

Question 32

myeloid lineage cells

Answer 32

``` macrophage neutrophil eosinophil basophil mast cell ```

Question 33

examples of granulocyte cells

Answer 33

neutrophil eosinophil basophil

Question 34

erythroid lineage cells

Answer 34

erythrocyte | mega karyocyte

Question 35

components of plasma

Answer 35

``` 95% water and dissolved proteins gluocse clottting factors electrolytes hormones CO2 O2 ```

Question 36

serum =

Answer 36

plasma without clotting factors | no RBC or WBC

Question 37

what is serum used for

Answer 37

similar to interstitial fluid in body - maintains osmotic pressure in hospitals - used to look for antibodies

Question 38

WBC leave capillaries in tissues and enter

Answer 38

lymphatics

Question 39

where does blood plasma circulate

Answer 39

interstitial spaces

Question 40

lymphatic system

Answer 40

the network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood.

Question 41

the extent to which the two arms of immunity are activated depends on ...

Answer 41

... the severity, context and duration of the disease

Question 42

effect of cytokines on blood vessels

Answer 42

vasodilation | increased permeability

Question 43

importance of cytokinesincreasing permeability of blood vessels

Answer 43

tight junctions loosen inflammatory mediators can migrate into tissues increased redness, heat, swelling