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cellular basis of immunity > last min facts > Flashcards

last min facts Flashcards

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1
Q

macrophages sit

A

under the skin

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2
Q

role of thymus and spleen

A

primary lymphoid organs

thymus - nursery for maturity
spleen - filters blood passing through and removes toxins

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3
Q

lymphoid lineage cells

A

NK
B
T
DC

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4
Q

are immune cells mobile

A

yes

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5
Q

myeloid lineage cells

A 
macrophage
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
mast cell
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6
Q

erythroid lineage cells

A

erythrocyte

megakaryocyte

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7
Q

components of serum

A

plasma minus clotting factors

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8
Q

physioloigcal effects of cytokines released by macrophages

A

vasodilation and icnreased permeablity
redness
swelling
heat

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9
Q

features of innate receptors

A

limited diversity
encoded in germline
recognise structures common to different pathognes

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10
Q

features of adaptive receptors

A

generated by gene recombination
massive diversity
recognise structures unique to different microbes

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11
Q

2 examples of immune failure

A

spanish flu 1918

TGN1412

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12
Q

what eliminates self recognition

A

clonal deletion

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13
Q

adaptive soluble receptors

A

antibodies

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14
Q

adaptive cell receptors

A

T cell receptors

B cell receptors

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15
Q

receptors on macrophages

A

scavenger
complement
PRRs

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16
Q

indirect innate activation

A

PAMP binds to PRR –> phagocytosis

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17
Q

direct innate activation

A

bacteria are coated with antibodies

recognised by Fc receptors

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18
Q

example chemokine

A

IL-8

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19
Q

cytokine receptor

A

JAK/STAT

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20
Q

transendothelial migration moves what from where to where

A

moves neutrophils and imune cells from blood vessel through epithelium into adjacent connective tissue
chemotaxis –> followa gradient of chemokines

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21
Q

role of fMLP

A

bacterial peptide chemoattractant –> recruits neutrophils to inflammatory cites by binding to receptors on outside of neutrophil

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22
Q

adhesive cell surface molecules important for

A

migration and communication

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23
Q

dendritic cells cells in mucosal epithelium of gut

A

specialised process extend between cells
prevent inflammatory response against harmless gut bacteria
receive information about antigens
then present them on outside to TCRs on naive T cells

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24
Q

effector T cell

A

triggered to kill/activate cell displaying the same MHC antigen

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25
MHC I
expressed by all body cells monitors cytoplasm of cells expresses antigen to CD8 T cells
26
where do viruses replicate
cytoplams
27
MHC II
expressed only on immune cells monitors vesicles of the endosomal/lysosomalpathways express antigen to CD4 T cells
28
importance of vesicles of endosomal and lysosomal pathways
contain internalised antigens from extracellular pathogens
29
activated CD8 T cells produce
perforins - pores in membranes | granzymes - proteases --> apoptosis
30
how are B cells activated
recognised antigen displayed by MHC II | internalise antigen and deliver to endosomal compartments
31
what happens when a B cell is activated
B cell proliferates and differentiates into an antibody secreting plasma cell
32
components of humoral immunity
secreted antibodies complement proteins antimicrobial peptides
33
clonal expansion
B cell producing correct antibody for antigen is activated and multiplied
34
how are classes of antibody distinguished
by number of Y units and by type of heavy chain
35
what binds to secretory component
polymeric Ig receptor on epithelial cells
36
pIgR binds to secretory component of IgA - what happens?
stimulates uptake of antibody and transcytosis of IgA through epithelium into lumen side of gut
37
once IgA has docked onto Fc alpha/mu receptor - what happens?
``` opsonisation of pathogen phagocytosed by Fc alpha/mu receptor pathogen destroyed in phagolysosome signalling via ITAM phosphorylation of tyrosines --> recruitment of Syk/Zap-70 ```
38
examples of collectins
surfactant proteins A and B | MBL
39
MASP involved in which pathways
lectin activation pathway of complement
40
importance of C3b being bound to bacterial surface
response is localised so no collateral damage
41
cytokines promoting anti-viral immunity
interferon alpha and beta
42
cytokines activating endothelial cells and causing fever
IL-1 | TNF-a
43
cytokines causing proliferation of antibody producing B cels
IL-6
44
diseases where host cells become infected and need to be destroyed by CD8 T cells
salmonellosis | tuberculosis
45
results of CD4 T cell activation
macrophage activation inflammation maturation of antibody response
46
virulence factors of candida albicans
reproduces asexually | dimorphic
47
role of dectin-1
mediates recognition of B-1,3-glucan and B-1,6-glucan and zymosan from fungal cell walls
48
what is dectin-1
c-type lectin carbohydrate recognition domain | found on surface of DCs
49
what does MyD88 stand for
myeloid differentiation factor 88
50
similarities of MyD88 and Syk
MyD88 enhances TLR signalling | Syk enhances dectin-1 signalling
51
how is MBL coupled to complement pathway
MASP
52
MASP =
mannose binding lectin associated serine protease
53
larval stages of helminths
nematodes trematodes cestodes
54
importance of antigenic variation
underlies capacity of organisms to survive in a host | -- allows organisms to escape host defences
55
VSG stands for
variant specific surface glycoprotein
56
how do cytopathic viruses lyse cells
induce autophagy or apoptosis on exit of cell
57
latent virus
infects cells but lies dormant only activated when immunity wanes produces infectious virions when activated
58
mediators of viral immunity
innate - type 1 interferons, complement, NK | adaptive - neutralising antibodies, CD8 T cells
59
antibody dependent killing direct and indirect
indirect - via complement, antibodies pepper outside and activate classical direct - Fc receptors, directly to neutralising Igs
60
NK cell mediated ADCC
Fc receptors on surface of NK cells bind to Ig as virus leaves infected cell kill using perforins and granzymes
61
PCP
pneumocystic pneumonia
62
HIV protein structures
gp120 - docking glycoprotein | gp41- transmembrane glycoprotein
63
HIV causes loss of CD4 t cells - why is this bad
no helper t cell activities no maintenance of CD8 T cells no antibody response of B cell
64
bird/avian viruses prefer
intestinal cell receptors with a-2,3-sialic acid linkage to galactose
65
Which immunoglobulin isotype accumulates in the foetus before birth?
IgG
66
which immunoglobulin is secreted in breast milk?
IgA
67
PET =
positron emission tomography

cellular basis of immunity (21 decks)

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