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Pharm U5 > 4) Diabetes - U5 > Flashcards

4) Diabetes - U5 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What is the class for Metformin (Glucophage; others)

A

Biguanide

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2
Q

What is the mechanism for Metformin (Glucophage; others)

A

Activates AMP-kinase and inhibits mitochondrial isoform of glycerophosphate dehydrogenase => decreases hepatic glucose production

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3
Q

What are the therapeutics for Metformin (Glucophage; others)

A

First-line therapy in diabetes due to no weight gain or hypoglycemia, reduction in cardiovascular events and mortality

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4
Q

What are the important side effects for Metformin (Glucophage; others)

A

Lactic acidosis (rare)

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5
Q

What are the other side effects for Metformin (Glucophage; others)

A

GI (diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, N & V), B12 deficiency

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6
Q

What are the miscellaneous for Metformin (Glucophage; others)

A

Contraindicated in renal impairment; low cost

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7
Q

What is the class for Glipizide (Glucotrol)

A

Sulfonylurea

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8
Q

What is the mechanism for Glipizide (Glucotrol)

A

Closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels on ?-cell plasma membrane –> stimulation of insulin release

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9
Q

What are the therapeutics for Glipizide (Glucotrol)

A

Reduction in cardiovascular events and mortality

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10
Q

What are the important side effects for Glipizide (Glucotrol)

A

Weight gain; hypoglycemia

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11
Q

What are the miscellaneous for Glipizide (Glucotrol)

A

low cost

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12
Q

What is the class for Glyburide (Micronase)

A

Sulfonylurea

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13
Q

What is the mechanism for Glyburide (Micronase)

A

Closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels on ?-cell plasma membrane –> stimulation of insulin release

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14
Q

What are the therapeutics for Glyburide (Micronase)

A

Reduction in cardiovascular events and mortality

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15
Q

What are the important side effects for Glyburide (Micronase)

A

Weight gain; hypoglycemia

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16
Q

What are the miscellaneous for Glyburide (Micronase)

A

low cost

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17
Q

What is the class for Glimepiride (Amaryl)

A

Sulfonylurea

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18
Q

What is the mechanism for Glimepiride (Amaryl)

A

Closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels on ?-cell plasma membrane –> stimulation of insulin release

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19
Q

What are the therapeutics for Glimepiride (Amaryl)

A

Reduction in cardiovascular events and mortality

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20
Q

What are the important side effects for Glimepiride (Amaryl)

A

Weight gain; hypoglycemia

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21
Q

What are the miscellaneous for Glimepiride (Amaryl)

A

low cost

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22
Q

What is the class for Repaglinide (Prandin); Nateglinide (Starlix)

A

Meglitinide

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23
Q

What is the mechanism for Repaglinide (Prandin); Nateglinide (Starlix)

A

Closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels on ?-cell plasma membrane –> stimulation of insulin release

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24
Q

What are the therapeutics for Repaglinide (Prandin); Nateglinide (Starlix)

A

Used with meals

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25
What are the important side effects for Repaglinide (Prandin); Nateglinide (Starlix)
Weight gain; hypoglycemia (less than sulfonylureas)
26
What are the miscellaneous for Repaglinide (Prandin); Nateglinide (Starlix)
Short acting
27
What is the class for Pioglitazone (Actos)
Thiazolidinedione
28
What is the mechanism for Pioglitazone (Actos)
Binds PPAR-?, a nuclear transcription factor; increases peripheral insulin sensitivity
29
What are the therapeutics for Pioglitazone (Actos)
No hypoglycemia; increase HDL cholesterol while decreasing triglycerides
30
What are the important side effects for Pioglitazone (Actos)
Weight gain; edema; heart failure; bone fractures; macular edema
31
What are the other side effects for Pioglitazone (Actos)
Increased risk of bladder cancer
32
What are the miscellaneous for Pioglitazone (Actos)
Expensive
33
What is the class for Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
Thiazolidinedione
34
What is the mechanism for Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
Binds PPAR-?, a nuclear transcription factor; increases peripheral insulin sensitivity
35
What are the therapeutics for Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
No hypoglycemia
36
What are the important side effects for Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
Weight gain; edema; heart failure; bone fractures; increased cardiovascular events
37
What are the other side effects for Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
Increased LDL cholesterol
38
What are the miscellaneous for Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
Expensive; contraindicated in heart disease
39
What is the class for Acarbose (Precose); Miglitol (Glyset)
?-glucosidase inhibitor
40
What is the mechanism for Acarbose (Precose); Miglitol (Glyset)
Competitively inhibit enzymes that break down carbohydrates into simple sugars, delaying GI carbohydrate absorption & reduces postprandial glucose levels
41
What are the therapeutics for Acarbose (Precose); Miglitol (Glyset)
Nonsystemic medication that decreases postprandial glucose
42
What are the important side effects for Acarbose (Precose); Miglitol (Glyset)
GI (gas, flatulence, diarrhea)
43
What are the other side effects for Acarbose (Precose); Miglitol (Glyset)
Modest reduction in A1c
44
What are the miscellaneous for Acarbose (Precose); Miglitol (Glyset)
Taken with each carbohydrate containing meal
45
What is the class for Exenatide (Byetta); Liraglutide (Victoza); Albiglutide (Tanzeum); Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
GLP-1 receptor agonist
46
What is the mechanism for Exenatide (Byetta); Liraglutide (Victoza); Albiglutide (Tanzeum); Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Activates GLP-1 receptor in ?-cells, endocrine pancreas, and brain; increases insulin secretion and decreases glucagon secretion in a glucose-dependent fashion; slows gastric emptying, increases satiety
47
What are the therapeutics for Exenatide (Byetta); Liraglutide (Victoza); Albiglutide (Tanzeum); Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Leads to weight reduction
48
What are the important side effects for Exenatide (Byetta); Liraglutide (Victoza); Albiglutide (Tanzeum); Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Acute pancreatitis; GI (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)
49
What are the other side effects for Exenatide (Byetta); Liraglutide (Victoza); Albiglutide (Tanzeum); Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
hypoglycemia (less than sulfonylureas
50
What are the miscellaneous for Exenatide (Byetta); Liraglutide (Victoza); Albiglutide (Tanzeum); Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Injection only (exenatide twice daily, liraglutide once daily, others once weekly; expensive
51
What is the class for Sitagliptin (Januvia); Alogliptin (Nesina); Saxagliptin (Onglyza); Linagliptin (Tradjenta)
DPP-4 inhibitor
52
What is the mechanism for Sitagliptin (Januvia); Alogliptin (Nesina); Saxagliptin (Onglyza); Linagliptin (Tradjenta)
Inhibition of GLP-1 metabolism; increases insulin and glucagon secretion
53
What are the therapeutics for Sitagliptin (Januvia); Alogliptin (Nesina); Saxagliptin (Onglyza); Linagliptin (Tradjenta)
No hypoglycemia, weight neutrality
54
What are the important side effects for Sitagliptin (Januvia); Alogliptin (Nesina); Saxagliptin (Onglyza); Linagliptin (Tradjenta)
Well tolerated; rarely urticaria/angioedema & pancreatitis
55
What are the miscellaneous for Sitagliptin (Januvia); Alogliptin (Nesina); Saxagliptin (Onglyza); Linagliptin (Tradjenta)
Expensive
56
What is the class for Canagliflozin (Invokana); Dapaglifloxin (Farxiga); Empaglifloxin (Jardiance)
SGLT2 inhibitor
57
What is the mechanism for Canagliflozin (Invokana); Dapaglifloxin (Farxiga); Empaglifloxin (Jardiance)
Redfuces glucose resorption in the kidney; increases urinary glucose excretion
58
What are the therapeutics for Canagliflozin (Invokana); Dapaglifloxin (Farxiga); Empaglifloxin (Jardiance)
No hypoglycemia; weight loss possible
59
What are the important side effects for Canagliflozin (Invokana); Dapaglifloxin (Farxiga); Empaglifloxin (Jardiance)
UTIs; genital mycotic infections; volume depletion; hyperkalemia; hypersensitivity
60
What are the miscellaneous for Canagliflozin (Invokana); Dapaglifloxin (Farxiga); Empaglifloxin (Jardiance)
Expensive
61
What is the class for Colesevelam (Welchol)
Bile acid sequestrant
62
What is the mechanism for Colesevelam (Welchol)
Binds bile acids/cholesterol
63
What are the therapeutics for Colesevelam (Welchol)
No hypoglycemia; decreased LDL cholesterol
64
What are the important side effects for Colesevelam (Welchol)
Increase in triglycerides
65
What are the other side effects for Colesevelam (Welchol)
Constipation; may interfere with absorption of other medications

Pharm U5 (5 decks)

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