4 - Ethics

Question 1

Nuremberg Code

Answer 1

1. Voluntary consent
2. Good of society
3. Justifiable results
4. Avoid suffering
5. No death
6. Low risk
7. Protection
8. Qualified persons
9. Voluntary end
10. Termination by scientist

Question 2

Tuskeegee study

Answer 2

400 left with syphilis

Continued 40 years

Question 3

1974 national research act

1979 Belmont report

Answer 3

1. Protection of human participants

2. Participant consent, kids and vulnerables protected; minimize risks; fairness in participant selection

Question 4

APA guidelines

Answer 4

1. No harm
2. Privacy
3. Institutional approval
4. Competence
5. Record keeping
6. Informed consent
7. Dispensing with informed consent: natural observation, questionnaires, organizational effectiveness
8. Inducements discouraged
9. Deception justified
10. Debriefing
    Equipoise

Question 5

Equipoise

Answer 5

No harm principle
Studies only compare equally preferred treatments
Researchers can compare equal treatments when:
1. Uncertainty about which treatment best
2. Professional disagreement “ “

Question 6

What’s on a consent form?

Answer 6

1. Overview
2. Description of procedures
3. Risks and inconveniences
4. Benefits
5. Costs and economic considerations
6. Confidentiality
7. Alternative treatments
8. Voluntary participation
9. Question and further information
10. Signature lines

Question 7

Passive deception?

Active?

Answer 7

1. Withholding

2. Misleading about purpose

Question 8

What is an institutional review board?

Answer 8

Each institution must have one
Scientists and nonscientists
7 criteria to meet:
1. Minimization of risk
2. Reasonable risk to benefits
3. Equitable selection
4. Informed consent
5. Documentation of informed consent
6. Data monitoring for risks
7. Privacy and confidentiality
Irb must approve first

Question 9

Whose guidelines must animal testing follow?

Answer 9

Must follow guidelines:

1. IACUC institutional animal care and use committee
2. us dept of agriculture
3. State agencies
4. APA

Question 10

APA animal guidelines

Answer 10

1. Use according to laws and regulations
2. Trained supervisors
3. Trained assistants
4. Minimize discomfort
5. No alternative to pain and justifiable
6. Anesthesia
7. Quick termination

Question 11

Two safeguards against fraud

Answer 11

Replication

Peer review