4 L2 Regional Anatomy of the Thoracic Cavity

Question 1

What does the mediastinum separate

Answer 1

The 2 pleural sacs

Question 2

Describe the structure and function of the pleura

Answer 2

Thin, double layer - Low friction
Visceral and Parietal pleura - Pleural fluid

Question 3

What is the visceral pleura in contact with

Answer 3

Lung surface

Question 4

What is the parietal pleura in contact with

Answer 4

Thorax - Mediastinum

Question 5

Inside to outside structure starting with lungs

Answer 5

Lungs - Visceral pleura - Pleural cavity - Parietal cavity - Thoracic wall

Question 6

What kind of pressure holds the parietal and visceral pleurae together

Answer 6

Negative intrapleural pressure

Question 7

Pleural cavity features

Answer 7

Filled with serous fluid - Friction free environment for lung movement without pain

Question 8

What causes the lungs to stretch during inspiration

Answer 8

Movement of the thoracic wall

Question 9

Describe the apex of the lung and location

Answer 9

Superior aspect of lung - Deep to clavicle, above first rib

Question 10

Describe the base of the lung and location

Answer 10

Concave, sits on diaphragm

Question 11

2 surfaces of lung

Answer 11

Costal surface - Mediastinal surface (Concave impression that is larger on left due to heart- contains root and hilum)

Question 12

3 structures that enter/exit the lung/pleura and location/function

Answer 12

Pulmonary arteries- Superior, Deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary veins- Inferior, Oxygenated blood
Primary Bronchi- Posterior, Cartilage

Question 13

What is the hilum of the lung

Answer 13

Depression on medial surface of lung where structures entering lung root enter mediastinal surface of lung

Question 14

of lobes left v right lung

Answer 14

3 on right
2 on left

Question 15

Describe the structure and function of lobe segments

Answer 15

Subdivisions of lobes - 3° bronchi - Separated from one another by CT - Distinct air and blood supply - Surgically resectable

Question 16

Anterior and posterior borders of mediastinum

Answer 16

Sternal angle and T4 vertebra

Question 17

Inferior and superior

Answer 17

Sternum and Vertebral column

Question 18

What are the subdivisions of the mediastinum

Answer 18

Superior- Superficial, Middle, Deep
Inferior- Anterior, Middle, Posterior

Question 19

Base of heart orientation

Answer 19

Proximal - Broad, towards right shoulder - Atria

Question 20

Apex of heart orientation

Answer 20

Distal - Pointed - Mid-clavicular line and 5th intercostal space - Left ventricle

Question 21

Right side of heart function

Answer 21

Deoxygenated blood- Flow directed to lungs

Question 22

Left side of heart function

Answer 22

Oxygenated- Flow directed to body

Question 23

Right atria blood type and vessels

Answer 23

Deoxygenated- Superior and Inferior vena cava

Question 24

Left atria blood type and vessels

Answer 24

Oxygenated- Pulmonary veins

Question 25

AV valves function

Answer 25

Close on ventricular contraction to prevent backflow

Question 26

Right and Left AV valve names

Answer 26

Right- Tricupsid valve Left- Bicuspid valve (Mitral)

Question 27

What muscles are associated with the atria

Answer 27

Pectinate muscles

Question 28

Formen ovale changes into...

Answer 28

Fossa ovalis

Question 29

Describe the Fossa ovalis

Answer 29

Covered with CT - Located in interatrial septum - Fetal blood flow

Question 30

Describe the fetal heart

Answer 30

Circulation bypasses the lungs - Foramen ovale and Ductus arteriosus

Question 31

Foramen ovale and Ductus arteriosus

Answer 31

Foramen ovale- hole between left and right atria Ductus arteriosus - Artery connecting pulmonary artery and aorta- Located in superior mediastinum Both close after first breath

Question 32

Mature names of Foramen ovale and Ductus arteriosus

Answer 32

Foramen ovale- Fossa ovalis Ductus arteriosus- Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 33

Where do the left and right ventricles pump blood to

Answer 33

Right- Lungs, Pulmonary trunk, Arteries Left- Ascending aorta, Rest of body

Question 34

Ventricular muscle walls

Answer 34

Trabecular carnae - Papillary muscles- chordae tendinae

Question 35

Right and Left semilunar valves

Answer 35

Right- Pulmonary valve Left- Aortic valve

Question 36

Anterior heart chambers

Answer 36

Right atrium and ventricle - Left ventricle

Question 37

Anterior sulci of the heart

Answer 37

Coronary - Interventricular

Question 38

Anterior heart vessels

Answer 38

Superior vena cava - Ascending aorta - Pulmonary trunk - Coronary arteries and veins

Question 39

Posterior heart chambers

Answer 39

Left atrium and ventricle

Question 40

Posterior sulci of heart

Answer 40

Coronary - Posterior interventricular

Question 41

Posterior heart vessels

Answer 41

IVC - Pulmonary veins - Coronary arteries and veins

Question 42

2 Right side of heart blood vessels

Answer 42

Coronary - Posterior interventricular

Question 43

3 left side of heart blood vessels

Answer 43

Coronary - Circumflex - Anterior interventricular

Question 44

Where do all cardiac veins drain back into

Answer 44

The coronary sinus

Question 45

4 layers of heart

Answer 45

Endocardium - Myocardium - Epicardium - Pericardium

Question 46

Endocardium cell type and features

Answer 46

Simple squamous epithelium + Areolar tissue - Continuous with endothelium of great vessels

Question 47

Describe the myocardium structure

Answer 47

Concentric layers - Blood vessels and nerves - Thicker on left vs right - Striated (similar to skeletal muscle) - Arranged in spiral bundles - Intercalated discs

Question 48

Describe ICD of myocardium

Answer 48

Joins muscle fibres to end - Contains gap junctions - Allows rapid spread of excitation

Question 49

Describe the epicardium

Answer 49

Outer layer- Visceral layer of serous pericardium - Areolar tissue (closest to myocardium) - Mesothelium (closest to pericardial cavity, secretes serous fluid)

Question 50

What is the pericardium

Answer 50

A sac of CT covering the heart

Question 51

3 components of pericardium

Answer 51

Pericardial cavity - Pericardial serous pericardium - Pericardial fibrous pericardium

Question 52

Describe the pericardial cavity

Answer 52

Serous fluid - Low friction

Question 53

Describe the Pericardial serous pericardium

Answer 53

Mesothelium (inner) - Areolar (outer) - Continuous with serous layer at the root of great vessels

Question 54

Describe the Pericardial fibrous pericardium

Answer 54

Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue (DFCT)

Question 55

Parietal fibrous pericardium boundaries and structure

Answer 55

Cone-shaped bag - Base to diaphragm - Apex continuous with adventitia of great vessels - Limits distention

Question 56

What innervates the heart and visceral pericardium

Answer 56

Vagus nerve (cardiac plexus) - Sympathetic trunk

Question 57

What innervates the parietal and fibrous pericardium

Answer 57

Phrenic nerve