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4 NEOPLASIA Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

Tissue formation and involves overgrowth of a tissue to form a neoplastic mass or neoplasm, called a tumor

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2
Q

What is the 2nd highest mortality rate?

A

Cancer

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3
Q

What are the Adaptive growth responses of Neoplasia?

A
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
  • dysplasia
  • neoplasia
  • hypoplasia
  • aplasia
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4
Q

What is Hypertrophy?

A

Cell and Organ enlargement that occurs in response to an increased demand of that tissue

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5
Q

What does hypertrophy of cells actually mean?

A

An increase in SIZE, NOT an increase in numbers of a cell

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6
Q

When would hypertrophy be normal?

A

In response to exercise

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7
Q

What is a prime example of Hypertrophy?

A

Heart Enlargement* due to hypertension, increased demand on the heart pump, enlarged myofibrils

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8
Q

What is Hyperplasia?

A

Mitosis produces new cells, but only in quantities needed to meet particular demand

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9
Q

When would Hyperplasia happen?

A

Increased rate of mitosis as a reaction to increased irritation

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10
Q

Why does Hyperplasia happen?

A

To create more layers to prevent damage and decrease friction

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11
Q

Where is Hyperplasia naturally found?

A

In the sole of the feet (skin thickness)

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12
Q

What is Metaplasia?

A

A change of the cell type

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13
Q

What is the actual change happening in Metaplasia?

A

Change from NORMAL to NORMAL, NOT normal to abnormal

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14
Q

What is unique about Metaplasia?

A

Change from Normal to Normal (but NOT for that tissue type).

It is a more SERIOUS* adaptive response, but it is REVERSIBLE**

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15
Q

What disease would you see Metaplasia?

A

Chronic Bronchitis in smokers

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16
Q

What happens in NORMAL lungs (Metaplasia)?

A

Normal lung epithelium is composed of Goblet cells (mucous producing cells) and columnar cells with villi; mucous traps particles from the air and the villi remove it

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17
Q

What happens during Chronic Bronchitis?

A

Columnar cells are replaced by squamous epithelial cells = full loss of normal function and more vulnerable to infection

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18
Q

Is Chronic Bronchitis reversible?

A

YES if you stop smoking

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19
Q

What is Dysplasia?

A

Loss in the uniformity of the individual cells as well as a loss in their architectural orientation

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20
Q

Can Dysplasia be reversed?

A

YES (even though it is very serious)

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21
Q

What do the cells look like in Dysplasia?

A

Normal cells are present along with pleomorphic cells in the affected tissue

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22
Q

What is the subcategory of Dysplasia?

A

Pleomorphism

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23
Q

What is Pleomorphism characterized by?

A

Variability in cell size and shape in contrast to the regularity of the cell structure seen in normal tissue

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24
Q

What is increased in Pleomorphism?

A

Mitosis rate

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25
Q

Where would Pleomorphism be found?

A

In MALIGNANT TUMORS (cervix cancer)

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26
Q

What does Pleomorphism result from?

A

Metaplasia with continuous, chronic irritation: after change from columnar to squamous cells (metaplasia) a change in shape occurs (dysplasia)

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27
Q

Is Pleomorphism reversible?

A

YES

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28
Q

What is Neoplasia?

A

Formation of a tumor mass represents an IRREVERSIBLE alteration in a cell’s growth pattern

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29
Q

How are the cells categorized in Neoplasia?

A

In neoplasia all cells are abnormal (pleomorphic)

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30
Q

What is an example of Neoplasia?

A

Malignant tumors

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31
Q

What is the consistent “Type” in Neoplasia cells?

A

In Neoplasia, All cells are pleomorphic type: Change nuclei, size, and shape

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32
Q

What is Hypoplasia?

A

Inadequate development, so that the resulting tissue is immature and functionally deficient

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33
Q

What is Aplasia?

A

Lack of organ/tissue development

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34
Q

What is an example of Aplasia?

A

Massing a finger usually associated with parasite infection

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35
Q

What are the characterization of tumors?

A 
- Pattern of growth
   ' Benign
   ' Malignant
- Tissue Origin
   ' Benign
   ' Malignant
   ' Exceptions
     -Melanom
     -Hepatom
     -Lymphom
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36
Q

How are benign tumors categorized?

A

Relatively slow growing, orderly growth, and remains localized

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37
Q

How are malignant tumors categorized?

A

More rapid, distorted froth, aggressive invasion into adjacent normal tissue and

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38
Q

What is the greatest characteristic of Malignant tumors?

A

Ability to metastasize -

Sends malignancy to other distant tissues without physically contacting the tissue (primary tumor generates a secondary tumor elsewhere in the body)

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39
Q

What are 2 examples of Benign bone tumors?

A

Osteoma and Adenoma

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40
Q

How are Benign bone tumors named?

A

By a ROOT word (suffix) indicating a type of tissue that has become neoplastic

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41
Q

How are Malignant tissues named?

A

According to their embryonic origin

42
Q

What is a Carcinoma?

A

Tissues derived from ectoderm and endoderm

example: adenocarcinoma

43
Q

Tissues derived from mesoderm =

A

Sarcoma

44
Q

What are 3 examples of Sarcomas?

A
  • Fibrosarcoma
  • Chondrosarcoma
  • Osteosarcoma
45
Q

What are the EXCEPTIONS, in regards to malignant tumors?

A
  • Melanoma
  • Hepatoma
  • Lymphoma
46
Q

What is Melanoma?

A

(Malignant melanoma)

First more malignant tumor of the human body

47
Q

What is hepatoma?

A

(Hepatocellular carcinoma)

Primary tumor of the liver

48
Q

What is special about Lymphoma?

A

Virtuall incurable

49
Q

What are the 2 components of “Tumor Structure”?

A

Parenchyme and Stroma

50
Q

What is Parenchyme?

A

Functional tissue + stroma CT

51
Q

In regards to Parenchyme, tumor cells affect _____

A

Functional cells of the tissue

52
Q

In parenchyma, the degree of resemblance of the tumor’s tissue ______ ?

A

Degree of resemblance of the tumor’s tissue to the origin tissue is greater in benign tumors than in malignant tumors

53
Q

In Parenchyme, how do things differ?

A

Cell size, shape, and distribution differs for benign and malignant tumors

54
Q

What is the subcategory under Parenchyme?

A

Anaplasia

55
Q

What is Anaplasia?

A

Reversed or lack of normal differentiation (from the most immature to mature = normal)

  • Cells are difficult to differentiate / recognized under a microscope
56
Q

Tumor cells can differentiate _____

A

From any type of immature cell

57
Q

The more immature the cell from which the tumor cell differentiates _____

A

The more malignant the tumor (the degree of anaplasia and the degree of malignancy are directly linked)

58
Q

What is Stroma?

A

Connective tissue

NOT tumor cells (therefore doesn’t have tumor cell characteristics unless it is a fibrous/CT tumor)

59
Q

What is the function of stroma?

A

Contains/supports the tumor

60
Q

What is the subcategory under stroma?

A

Scirr

61
Q

What is Scirr?

A

(Scirrhous Cancer) - when the tumor primarily consists of stroma rather than parenchyma

62
Q

What is an example of Scirr?

A

Breast Adenocarcinoma

63
Q

What is the process of Breast adenocarcinoma?

A

Tumor growth - CT is made - CT constricts and pulls skin inward (classic late stage sign is inversion of the nipple)

64
Q

What are “Male breast cancers?’

A

Sarcoma - “Meat” primarily parenchyma, little stroma

Ulcerating scirrhous carcinoma 2%

65
Q

What is Osteosarcoma an example of?

A

Scirr, and it is the most prevalent cancer in young boys

66
Q

What is Angiogenesis?

A

As the tumor grows, it obtains its own blood supply and nutrition from near blood supply

67
Q

When tumor grows to be > 1 mm _______

A

It cannot steal nutrients from adjacent cells

68
Q

What is the Tumor angiogenesis factor?

A

Stimulates vessel formation

69
Q

What are characteristics of Angiogenesis?

A

Irregular pattern due to rapid growth (less regular than in wound healing)

70
Q

Describe endothelial junctions in Angiogenesis:

A

Looser endothelial junctions (may cause bleeding in the sputum: lung cancer, blood in stool = colon cancer; in urine = kidney cancer)

71
Q

What may malignant tumors lack?

A

Basement membranes and therefore lie in direct contact to epithelial cells (all tissues are made upon a base mb, the foundation)

72
Q

What is the issue with lung cancer within Angiogenesis?

A

Angiogenesis DOES NOT occur - ischemia - necrosis = horizontal fluid development in lungs

73
Q

What is the growth rate in benign bone tumors?

A

Rate of growth is greater than that of normal tissue, but LESS than that of malignant tumors

74
Q

What is the biggest characteristic that makes a tumor benign?

A

Presence of fibrous CT capsule = it is CONTAINED

75
Q

What is an example of a benign bone tumor?

A

Leiomyoma (stomach cancer)

76
Q

What are the characteristics of Leiomyoma?

A

Stomach Cancer - Encapsulated (whiteish layer around tumor) separates tumor cells from digestive tissue preventing spreading. Easy to remove

77
Q

What is the MAIN characteristic of Malignant tumors?

A

INVASIVENESS - sends cells into adjacent tissues (makes it hard to remove)

78
Q

What are the 3 things associated with Malignant tumors?

A
  • pressure atrophy
  • reduced adhesiveness
  • chemotaxis
79
Q

What is “Pressure Atrophy” associated with Malignant tumors?

A

Due to physical compression of adjacent cells or disruption of normal blood supply

80
Q

What is Reduced Adhesiveness associated with Malignant tumors?

A

Less cell to cell adhesion by desmosomal cells

81
Q

What are Chemotaxis associated with Malignant cancer?

A

Normal tissue attracts malignant cancer cells (nutrients or autocrine motility factors); inhibited by cell matrix or basement membranes

82
Q

Describe Mesothelioma under the Chemotaxis category:

A

Mesothelioma (benign or malignant) cannot penetrate the heart or lungs because of the lung pleura and pericardium

83
Q

Large cell carcinoma aka

A

Malignant lung cancer, bronchogenic carcinoma, invades the lung

84
Q

Once malignant cells get into the blood, what happens?

A

Once in blood supply, it behaves like an embolus, moving through the blood vessels until they get to a tissue

85
Q

What if Metastatic tumor remnants enters the GI veins?

A

If entering via GI veins (coming from GI organs), it will metastasize to the liver entering through the hepatic portal system

86
Q

If metastatic tumor remnants enters veins anywhere but GI, where will it go?

A

Into the LUNGS

87
Q

What is Choriocarcinoma?

A

Uterine cancer mets to the lungs (via veins)

88
Q

What is Osteocarcinoma?

A

aka Cannon ball metastases bone cancer mets into lungs (common in boys)

89
Q

If metastases enter the arteries (rare), where will it go?

A

Highly VASCULARIZED organs =

brain, kidney, and spleen

90
Q

What happens if metastases enter the lymphatic system?

A

Tumor cells may get into the lymphatic node and grow there within it = Lymphadenopathy = enlargement of the node

91
Q

What are 2 diseases associated with Lymphadenopathy?

A

Virchow’s node and Horner’s syndrome

92
Q

What are Virchow’s nodes?

A

Unilateral (usually left side) lymph node enlargement due to stomach tumor metastasis

93
Q

What is Horner’s Syndrome?

A

Subclavicular node enlargement (Mets from the lungs)

94
Q

What is Lymphostasis?

A

Tumor cells may cause obstruction of the lymph vessels

95
Q

Where is lymphostasis common?

A

In breast cancer (lymph swelling of the arm)

96
Q

What is a disease associated with Lymphostasis?

A

Elephantiasis

97
Q

What can a tumor obstructing lymph vessels lead to?

A

INFECTION.

Very common in kidneys affecting the urine accumulation = Anemia may be developed (polycythemia) due to erythropoietin being over produced by kidney

98
Q

When tumor cells metasizes through body cavity -

A

Krukenberg tumor (ovary tumor)

99
Q

Sarcoma =

A

Tumor that metastasizes via blood

100
Q

Carcinoma =

A

A tumor that metastasizes via lymph

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