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7 PATH 1 > PIGMENTS > Flashcards

PIGMENTS Flashcards

1
Q

What are cell pigments?

A

Accumulation of color substances within or outside the cell

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of Pigments?

A

1) Exogenous Pigments: Produced outside the body

2) Endogenous Pigments: Produced inside the body. Some are normal and some pathological in nature

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3
Q

What are the 2 EXOGENOUS PIGMENTS?

A

1) Carbon or Coal

2) Tattooing

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4
Q

What is the most common pathological pigment?

A

Carbon or coal

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5
Q

Anthracosis aka

A

Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis

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6
Q

What is Anthracosis aka Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis?

A

Accumulation of coal in the lungs characteristic of mine workers. Coal dust coats the bronchioles and gets in the lymph nodes.

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7
Q

What happens during Anthracosis?

A

Lung tissue is replaced by connective tissue as an attempt to get rid of the coal from the lung - inflammation, fibrosis, and even necrosis occurs

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8
Q

What does the term Pneumoconiosis mean?

A

It is a general term for lung diseases caused by scar tissue formation after inhaling some particle

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9
Q

Worker’s Pneumoconiosis is the ______

A

Severe state of a milder initial disease anthracosis

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10
Q

What happens from tattooing?

A

Ink goes into dermatocytes, and usually does not involve pathology

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11
Q

What can happen from tattooing?

A

An allergic reaction can happen causing painful blisters, and the only way to get rid of it is by burning

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12
Q

What are the ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTS?

A

1) Lipofuscin (aka lipochrome)
2) Melanin
3) Homogentisic Acid
4) Hemosiderin
5) Accumulation of Copper

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13
Q

What is Lipofuscin aka

A

Lipochrome

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14
Q

What is Lipofuscin?

A

Yellowish-Brown pigment that usually develops as a result of atrophy or overloading of the tissue

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15
Q

What is Lipofuscin known as?

A

Wear and Tear pigment aka brown atrophy, and it also may develop from aging.

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16
Q

What does Lipfuscin represent?

A

Complexes of protein and lipid that derived from free radical peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids of sub cellular membranes

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17
Q

Is the Lipofuscin pigment dangerous?

A

No, it is normal and is referred to as brown atrophy

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18
Q

Where is Lipfuscin found?

A

In the heart, brain, and liver. Its presence indicates that there was previous injury or aging

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19
Q

What is Melanin?

A

A black pigment made naturally from Tyrosine in melanocytes

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20
Q

What does Melanin do?

A

It gives the skin its color and protects from UV radiation of the sun

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21
Q

What is Homogentisic acid?

A

PATHOLOGICAL black pigment.

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22
Q

In what scenario would you find the accumulation of Homogentisis acid?

A

It is a normal metabolic intermediate, but in the pathological condition alkoptonuria it accumulates in the skin and develops as a black pigment

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23
Q

What is also black with patients who have alkoptonuria?

A

Urine

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24
Q

What is Hemosiderin?

A

It is an iron storage complex found within cells in the form of Ferritin molecules

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25
Q

Where is Hemosiderin mostly found?

A

In macrophages: When a blood vessel ruptures and RBC’s die they release Hb into the extracellular space - Macrophages will engulf the Hb to decrease it producing Homosiderin as a product

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26
Q

Where may Excessive accumulation of homosiderin be seen?

A

It may be seen in increased mononuclear macrophages in tissues like liver, kidneys, lymph nodes, bone marrow, lung, and spleen

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27
Q

What is homosiderin seen in those organs due to?

A

It is due to local or systemic excess of iron: Excessive destruction of RBC’s, excessive intake of iron or decreased iron utilization

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28
Q

What are the 2 subcategories associated with Hemosiderin?

A

Hemosiderosis and Hemochromatosis

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29
Q

What is Hemosiderosis?

A

Deposition of hemosiderin in many organs and tissues usually after hemorrhage (abundant during bruising)

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30
Q

Hemosiderosis’s characteristics:

A

May be local, affecting one organ or systemic, affecting several organs. Usually not dangerous

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31
Q

What are normal homosiderin levels?

A

2-5 grams

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32
Q

What is Homosiderosis?

A

A low grade accumulation of homosiderin (>5 grams)

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33
Q

What is a common cause of Hemosiderosis?

A

Hemolytic anemia (sickle cell) - causes a black eye

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34
Q

Does Hemosiderosis damage organs?

A

NO

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35
Q

What is the key feature of Hemochromatosis?

A

Dangerous because it is associated with extreme iron accumulation

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36
Q

What is the normal amount of iron in the body to be considered safe?

A

6 grams, (Hemochromatosis can be 50 grams of iron)

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37
Q

Hemochromatosis can be what type of disease?

A

Genetic or Acquired

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38
Q

How can you acquire or genetically be predisposition to Hemochromatosis ?

A

Hemolytic anemia, drinking alcohol from bottles made with iron, cardiac failure, diabetes mellitus, and it interferes with DNA

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39
Q

Hemochromatosis more prevalent in?

A

MALES

40
Q

What are the symptoms of Hemochromatosis?

A

Abdominal pain, joint pain, hepatomegaly, and hyper pigmentation of the skin

41
Q

What are the 2 types of Hemochromatosis?

A

1) Primary or Hereditary hemochromatosis

2) Secondary iron Overload

42
Q

What is the definition of primary or hereditary hemochromatosis?

A

Genetic disease only seen in boys

43
Q

What happens due to Primary or hereditary hemochromatosis?

A
  • Liver Fibrosis/cirrhosis (HIGH chance of LIVER CANCER)
  • Pancreas damage
  • DNA damage
44
Q

What is “Secondary Iron Overload? (associated with Hemochromatosis) “

A

Acquired systemic overload of iron due to over-destruction of RBC’s in a rejection of blood transfusion, iron supplementation (poisoning)

45
Q

What is an example of Secondary Iron Overload (associated with Hemochromatosis)?

A

Bantu Siderosis: Very rare disease in Africa where alcohol is stored in iron containers. Iron passes to alcohol and it is drunk

46
Q

What is the most vulnerable organ?

A

Liver, and it can lead to liver cancer (hepatoma)

47
Q

What are manifestations of Hemochromatosis?

A

Skin pigmentation especially in sun exposed areas, abdominal pain, arrhythmia.

48
Q

What other affects do Hemochromatosis have?

A

It affects the pancreas especially in Diabetes Mellitus. Liver fibrosis, cardiac failure, and diabetes mellitus

49
Q

What disease is the accumulation of Copper?

A

Wilson’s disease

50
Q

What is the aka of Wilson’s disease?

A

Hepatolenticular Degeneration

51
Q

What is Wilson’s disease aka Hepatolenticular Degeneration?

A

A genetic disease that leads to copper accumulation in the body due to excess absorption.

52
Q

What normally happens to copper in the body?

A

It is absorbed and goes to the liver, and binds with Alpha 2 globulin*

53
Q

When copper binds with Alpha 2 globulin what does it form?

A

Ceruloplasmin (95% of Cu in the body is in this form)

54
Q

What normally happens to Ceruloplasmin in the body?

A

It goes to the blood, then comes back to the liver to be excreted in the bile.

55
Q

What happens to Ceruloplasmin in Wilson’s disease?

A

It never leaves the liver which causes accumulation of copper in the organ

56
Q

What 3 major organs are affected by Wilson’s disease?

A

Liver, Brain, and the eyes

1) Liver cirrhosis
2) Brain damage
3) Eye damage

57
Q

What type of symptoms are present in Wilson’s disease?

A

Neurological/ psychiatric and liver damage “Parkinson like”

58
Q

The copper that accumulates in the eyes forms ______

A

A green ring around the pupil which is known as Kayser-Fleischer (between cornea and conjunctiva)

59
Q

What is the life expectancy for Wilson’s disease?

A

20 - 25 years, death due to liver failure

60
Q

What can Wilson’s disease be treated by?

A

D-penicillamine (penicillin) to reduce rate of absorption by the body but a liver transplant may be necessary

61
Q

What is used to treat systemic sclerosis?

A

D-Penicillamine, however this drug has also an immunodepressant secondary effect (used in autoimmune diseases)

62
Q

What is Dystrophic calcification?

A

Deposition of calcium salts in necrotic tissue

63
Q

What is an example of Dystrophic Calcification?

A

Ghon’s pox

64
Q

What is Ghon’s pox?

A

An area of inflammation and granuloma (Casseous necrosis)

65
Q

What are the 2 types of Calcification?

A

Dystrophic and Metastatic

66
Q

Where would you see Ghon’s pox?

A

You would see this in the lungs in a patient with primary tuberculosis

67
Q

What is the most common infectious disease, and how does it develop?

A

Primary Tuberculosis, and it develops due to attempt to kill the mycobacterium bacilli (TB bacteria)

68
Q

What is seen on an X ray in a patient with TB?

A

The tissue undergoes calcification and can be visualized in a chest X-ray. TB – Casseous necrosis in lungs – calcification in lungs

69
Q

What is seen on an X ray in a patient with TB?

A

The tissue undergoes calcification and can be visualized in a chest X-ray. TB – Casseous necrosis in lungs – calcification in lungs

70
Q

What are the 3 diseases associated with Dystrophic Calcification?

A

1 Ghon’s pox

2 Systemic sclerosis aka scleroderma

3 Valvular disease

71
Q

Systemic sclerosis aka scleroderma is associated with what gangrene?

A

Dry gangrene

72
Q

What is systemic sclerosis?

A

An autoimmune disease with overactivity of fibroblasts which produce CT in the skin

73
Q

What does “Overproduction” mean in systemic sclerosis aka scleroderma?

A

It means there is too much CT in the body that is replacing functional tissue, thus making the tissue atrophic

74
Q

What do the joints look like in regard to Systemic sclerosis?

A

Look normal and healthy, but the function is decreased due to the shrinking of functional tissue (no ROM). Deposition of calcium is seen on X rays

75
Q

What do the fingers undergo in Systemic sclerosis?

A

Sclerodactily (claw hands) and even gangrene (dry gangrene)

76
Q

What does the face look like in patients with Systemic sclerosis?

A

Unable to express emotions

77
Q

What does Valvular disease cause?

A

It causes atrophy of the valves and the deposition of calcium

78
Q

Where is Valvular disease found?

A

Seen in Rheumatic fever and it is a form of (Fibrinoid necrosis)

79
Q

What is the definition of Metastatic Calcification?

A

Deposition of calcium salt in organs or tissues, other than that which is atrophic or necrotic

80
Q

What is Metastatic calcification associated with?

A

Hypercalcemia.

  • non-necrotic, non-atrophic, and non-dystropic
81
Q

What are the 6 causes of Metastatic Calcification?

A

1) Increased secretion of PTH
2) Destruction of bone
3) Vitamin D related disorders
4) Sarcoidosis
5) Renal failure in Secondary HPT
6) Kidney stones

82
Q

What are the 3 categories under “Destruction of bone” in Metastatic Calcification?

A

1) Accelerated turnover (Paget’s)
2) Immobilization
3) Tumors (Multiple Myeloma, Leukemia, Multiple skeletal metastasis)

83
Q

What are the 3 ways tissue is Vulnerable to Injury?

A

1) Ischemia
2) Ionizing Radiation
3) Viral Infection

84
Q

What is Ischemia?

A

Lack of blood supply to an organ or tissue

85
Q

What areas of the body are extremely vulnerable to ischemia and hypoxia?

A

Brain and Myocardium. Brain needs 20% of the oxygen

86
Q

If ischemia occurs in the brain, what happens?

A

STROKE (liquefaction)

87
Q

If ischemia occurs in the heart what happens?

A

Myocardial infarction (coagulation)

88
Q

What organ is the least vulnerable to Ischemia?

A

Liver (its very resistant)

89
Q

What other organs are also vulnerable to ischemia?

A

Lung, kidney and spleen (not as much as heart and brain though)

90
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

Lack of oxygen to tissue

91
Q

Why is Ionizing Radiation vulnerable to tissue?

A

Labile cells (cells that are multiplying) aka HIGH MITOTIC RATE organs suffer the most

92
Q

What are the organs that suffer the most from Ionizing Radiation?

A
  • Reproductive cells (gonads)
  • Bone marrow
  • Hair Follicles
  • Epithelia Cells and mucous membrane of GI tract ***
93
Q

What does ionizing radiation lead to?

A

Destruction of DNA and therefore impairs the DNA replication

94
Q

What cells are MOST VULNERABLE to Ionizing Radiation?

A

Epithelial cells of the GI tract. When Blood cells are affected it can lead to Leukemia

95
Q

What is the LEAST vulnerable tissue in ionizing radiation?

A

Bone

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