4. Resp, Circulatory, Immune Flashcards
(30 cards)
inspiration occurs when…
medulla oblongata signals the diaphragm to contract
carbonic anhydrase
catalyzes formation of bicarbonate ion
Bohr shift
rightward shift when CO2, H+, or temp are increased
decreased Hb affinity for oxygen
high CO2 triggers _____ respiration
increased
plasma contains
water, ions, urea, ammonia, proteins
how does the body regulate blood volume?
altering the amount of water in plasma
albumins
in plasma
transport fatty acids and steroids
oxygenated blood path
pulmonary veins
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
deoxygenated blood path
vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary arteries
lungs
systole
ventricles contract
diastole
relaxation of heart and contraction of atria
path of electricity in heart
sinoatrial nodes
atrioventricular nodes
bundle of His
Purkinje fibers
capillary walls are composed of
endothelial cells
fluid returns to the blood at ______
the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
where do platelets come from?
break off from megakaryocytes
positive selection
B or T cells that cannot recognize MHC I or II molecules undergo apoptosis
negative selection
B and T cells that respond too strongly to MHC molecules presenting self-antigen undergo apoptosis
which cells have MHC class I
all nucleated cells
which cells have MHC class II
macrophages, dendritic cells and some B cells
T cell signal 1
TCR recognizes professional APC (MHC II)
T cell signal 2
circulating cytokines or up-regulation of membrane-bound surface proteins
B cell signal 1
free floating antigen cross-links multiple BCRs
B cell signal 2
helper T-cell
B cell immunity aka
humoral (antibody-mediated)
