2. Nervous System

Question 1

spatial summation

Answer 1

multiple dendrites receive signals at the same time

Question 2

temporal summation

Answer 2

adds up the effects of signals that are received by a single dendrite over time

Question 3

resting potential

Answer 3

electrical potential (voltage)
more negative inside and more positive outside
the potential for adding positivity

Question 4

how does the concentration gradient of Na+/K+ stay out of equilibrium?

Answer 4

the sodium potassium pump moves 3 Na+ out of cell and 2 K+ into cell

Question 5

resting membrane potential

Answer 5

-70mV

Question 6

what affects resting membrane potential?

Answer 6

the diffusion of K+ out of the cell
they bring negativity with them
many more K+ channels open than Na+ channels

Question 7

action potential

Answer 7

• membrane at rest, Na and K closed
• Na opens, cell depolarizes
• K opens and Na deactivates
• Na inactivated, K open and repolarizes membrane
• K close and membrane equilibrates to resting potential

Question 8

is excitatory depolarizing or hyperpolarizing?

Answer 8

depolarizing

Question 9

action potential originates at..

Answer 9

the axon hillock

Question 10

motor end plate

Answer 10

connection between neuron and muscle

Question 11

white matter

Answer 11

myelinated

Question 12

gray matter

Answer 12

unmyelinated

Question 13

saltatory conduction

Answer 13

AP jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next

Question 14

motor neurons are located…

Answer 14

ventrally

Question 15

sensory neurons are located…

Answer 15

dorsally

Question 16

sympathetic signals originate from…

Answer 16

cell bodies in spinal cord

Question 17

parasympathetic signals orginate from…

Answer 17

cell bodies in spinal cord and brain

Question 18

nucleus

Answer 18

group of cell bodies located in CNS

Question 19

ganglion

Answer 19

group of cell bodies located outside CNS

Question 20

preganglionic neurons in ANS use…

Answer 20

acetylcholine

Question 21

postganglionic neurons in ANS use…

Answer 21

epinephrine or norepinephrine

Question 22

acetylcholine relates to…

Answer 22

somatic and parasympathetic

Question 23

epinephrine and norepinephrine relates to…

Answer 23

sympathetic

Question 24

brainstem

Answer 24

medulla, pons, midbrain
basic involuntary functions

Question 25

medulla

Answer 25

cardiovascular and respiratory

Question 26

pons

Answer 26

transfer of motor commands motor cortex and cerebellum

Question 27

midbrain

Answer 27

auditory and visual

Question 28

cerebellum

Answer 28

coordination of movement

Question 29

thalamus

Answer 29

processes all sensory info before it goes to higher areas

Question 30

hypothalamus

Answer 30

homeostasis

Question 31

frontal lobe

Answer 31

planning and impulse inhibition

Question 32

parietal lobe

Answer 32

somatosensory

Question 33

occipital lobe

Answer 33

visual info

Question 34

temporal lobe

Answer 34

auditory and olfactory

Question 35

ciliary muscle contracts...

Answer 35

lens becomes spherical focal distance decreases

Question 36

ciliary muscle relaxes..

Answer 36

lens flattens focal distance increases

Question 37

retina

Answer 37

covers back of eye and contains rods and cones

Question 38

what happens to the iris in the dark?

Answer 38

sympathetic NS contracts the iris, dilating the pupil

Question 39

what happens to the iris in the bright?

Answer 39

parasympathetic NS contacts iris circle, constricting the pupil

Question 40

what happens when light strikes photoreceptors?

Answer 40

they hyperpolarize which has an inhibitory effect on neurotransmitter release

Question 41

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Answer 41

gets info from optic nerve and projects it to the visual cortex in the thalamus

Question 42

in the light, rod cell is...

Answer 42

hyperpolarized rhodopsin is active

Question 43

in the dark, rod cell is...

Answer 43

depolarized rhodopsin is inactive

Question 44

ventral visual pathway

Answer 44

"what" to the temporal lobe involved in object reocognition

Question 45

dorsal visual pathway

Answer 45

"where" to the parietal lobe perceives location of object

Question 46

cochlea detects

Answer 46

sound

Question 47

semicircular canals detect

Answer 47

movement

Question 48

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

Answer 48

receives auditory information before sending it to higher areas in the thalamus

Question 49

where are hair cells located?

Answer 49

basilar membrane of the organ of corti

Question 50

intensity of sound detection

Answer 50

higher firing rates

Question 51

frequency of sound detection

Answer 51

hair cells closer to stapes are stiffer and detect higher frequency hair cells further into inner ear are less stiff and don't need high frequency to fire