3. Endocrine System

Question 1

where are peptide hormones manufactured?

Answer 1

rough ER

Question 2

anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 2

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
prolactin
HGH

Question 3

posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 3

ADH
oxytocin

Question 4

where are steroid hormones manufactured?

Answer 4

smooth ER

Question 5

glucocorticoids of the adrenal cortex

Answer 5

cortisol and aldosterone

Question 6

gonadal hormones

Answer 6

estrogen, progesterone and testosterone

Question 7

where are tyrosine derivative hormones manufactured?

Answer 7

enzymes in the cytosol or the rough ER

Question 8

tyrosine derivative hormones

Answer 8

T3, T4, epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 9

epinephrine and norepinephrine action

Answer 9

water-soluble so dissolve in blood and bind to receptors to use cAMP

Question 10

are hydrophilic hormones fast or slow?

Answer 10

fast

Question 11

parathyroid hormone

Answer 11

released in response to low calcium in blood
causes increased osteoclast activity
induces excretion of phosphate to keep calcium high
increases calcium uptake in the gut from food

Question 12

calcitonin

Answer 12

released by C cells in response to elevated calcium in blood
decreases osteoclast activity

Question 13

glucagon

Answer 13

released by the pancreas (alpha cells) in response to low glucose

Question 14

insulin

Answer 14

released by pancreas (beta cells) in response to high glucose

Question 15

cortisol

Answer 15

released from adrenal cortex in response to prolonged stress
glucocorticosteroid - influences glucose mobilization (increase)

Question 16

aldosterone

Answer 16

released from adrenal cortex to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys due to a mineral depletion (Na and Cl)
salt content remains the same while blood volume rises
mineralocorticoid

Question 17

ADH

Answer 17

causes collecting ducts of kidneys to become permeable to water
increases blood pressure
decreases urine output
released by posterior pituitary

Question 18

oxytocin

Answer 18

increases uterine contraction
induces milk ejection
released by posterior pituitray

Question 19

how does posterior pituitary release hormones?

Answer 19

synthesized in hypothalamus and then transported down

Question 20

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 20

stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4 using cAMP

Question 21

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 21

stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids using cAMP
released in response to stress

Question 22

human growth hormone (HGH)

Answer 22

stimulates all types of growth

Question 23

prolactin

Answer 23

promotes lactation
inhibited by hypothalamus

Question 24

T3 and T4

Answer 24

increase the basal metabolic rate
regulated by TSH

Question 25

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 25

tyrosine derivatives released from adrenal medulla to constrict vessels in organs and dilate vessels in skeletal muscle (fight or flight)

Question 26

somatostatin

Answer 26

released by pancreas (delta cells) and inhibits both glucagon and insulin

Question 27

tropic hormones

Answer 27

released from one gland and cause downstream release of another hormone

Question 28

blood chemistry hormones

Answer 28

control concentrations of Na, Ca and glucose

Question 29

production of sperm occurs in the...

Answer 29

seminiferous tubules located in the gonads

Question 30

_____ stimulates Sertroli cells

Answer 30

FSH

Question 31

_____ stimulates Leydig cells

Answer 31

LH

Question 32

Sertroli cells

Answer 32

nurture spermatocytes

Question 33

Leydig cells

Answer 33

release testosterone

Question 34

where do sperm mature?

Answer 34

epididymis

Question 35

path of sperm

Answer 35

seminiferous tubules epididymis vas deferens urethra penis

Question 36

oocytes are arrested in ____ at birth

Answer 36

prophase I

Question 37

FSH stimulates the growth of _____

Answer 37

granulosa cells

Question 38

granulosa cells secrete ______

Answer 38

zona pellucida

Question 39

theca cells secrete -_____

Answer 39

androgen (estradiol)

Question 40

LH stimulates _____

Answer 40

theca cells

Question 41

luteal surge

Answer 41

rising estrogen levels increase LH levels which increases estrogen causes ovulation

Question 42

stage of oocyte at ovulation

Answer 42

secondary oocyte (completed meiosis I)

Question 43

corpus luteum

Answer 43

remaining part of follicle after ovulation secretes progesterone and estradiol

Question 44

corpus albicans

Answer 44

in case of no pregnancy, degenerate of corpus luteum

Question 45

follicular phase

Answer 45

begins at development of follicle and ends at ovulation

Question 46

luteal phase

Answer 46

begins at ovulation and ends with degeneration of corpus luteum to corpus albicans

Question 47

when does meiosis II happen in oogenesis?

Answer 47

after fertilization divides to become an ovum

Question 48

morula

Answer 48

the zygote once it has undergone enough mitosis to be composed of at least 16 cells

Question 49

blastocyst

Answer 49

division of morula after 4 days hollow ball filled with fluid with small cell mass on one side

Question 50

implantation

Answer 50

lodgement of blastocyst in the uterus day 7

Question 51

placenta

Answer 51

outer cells of blastocyst

Question 52

embryo

Answer 52

small cell mass of blastocyst

Question 53

inner cell mass of blastocyst is made up of _____

Answer 53

stem cells

Question 54

human chorionic gonadotropin

Answer 54

secreted by placenta prevents degeneration of corpus luteum maintains secretion of estrogen and progesterone

Question 55

determination

Answer 55

cell becomes committed to a specialized development path

Question 56

gastrula

Answer 56

third week of pregnancy

Question 57

totipotent

Answer 57

can become any cell

Question 58

pluripotent

Answer 58

can become any of the germ layers

Question 59

multipotent

Answer 59

can replace cells of a particular lineage

Question 60

ectoderm

Answer 60

epidermis of skin, nervous system, sense organs

Question 61

mesoderm

Answer 61

skeleton muscles blood vessels heart blood gonads kidneys dermis of skin

Question 62

endoderm

Answer 62

lining of digestive and respiratory liver pancreas thymus thyroid

Question 63

neurula

Answer 63

third week gastrula transforms in neurulation

Question 64

induction

Answer 64

notochord causes ectoderm to thicken and form neural plate

Question 65

notochord

Answer 65

mesoderm causes ectoderm to form neural plate

Question 66

neural plate

Answer 66

forms neural tube that becomes nervous system

Question 67

neural crest

Answer 67

cells of ectoderm that are close to neural tube accessory to nervous system (Schwann cells)