5. Digestive and Excretory

Question 1

is there digestion in the esophagus?

Answer 1

no

Question 2

where and how does digestion begin?

Answer 2

in the mouth
carbs digested by alpha amylase

Question 3

pepsin

Answer 3

catalyzes breakdown of protein the stomach

Question 4

exocrine cells of the stomach

Answer 4

mucous
chief (peptic)
parietal
G cells

Question 5

chief cells secrete…

Answer 5

pepsinogen

Question 6

parietal cells secrete…

Answer 6

HCl through active transport

intrinsic factor (helps ileum absorb B12)

Question 7

G cells secrete…

Answer 7

gastrin

Question 8

function of gastrin

Answer 8

stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl

Question 9

G cells are activated by…

Answer 9

presence of polypeptides in stomach
distension
parasympathetic

Question 10

most digestion occurs in the…

Answer 10

duodenum

Question 11

lacteal

Answer 11

lymph vessel responsible for absorbing fats

Question 12

brush border

Answer 12

on lumen side of villi
contains membrane bound digestive enzymes

Question 13

goblet cells

Answer 13

secrete mucus that help protect the brush border

Question 14

trypsin/chymotrypsin

Answer 14

degrade proteins

Question 15

pancreatic amylase

Answer 15

degrades carbs

Question 16

lipase

Answer 16

degrades fats (triglycerides)

Question 17

bile

Answer 17

unclumps fat
produced in liver and stored in gall bladder

Question 18

parts of the large intestine

Answer 18

ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid
rectum

Question 19

major functions of large intestine

Answer 19

water and electrolyte absorption

Question 20

gastrin site, stimulus, target, effects

Answer 20

site: stomach
stimulus: ACh from vagus nerve
target: stomach
effects: production of HCl

Question 21

secretin site, stimulus, target, effects

Answer 21

site: duodenum
stimulus: arrival of HCl in chyme
target: pancreas
effects: secretion of sodium bicarbonate and enzymes

Question 22

gastric inhibitory polypeptide site, stimulus, target, effects

Answer 22

site: duodenum
stimulus: fat and protein in chyme
target: pancreas and stomach
effects: enzyme secretion (pancreas), decrease motor activity (stomach)

Question 23

CCK site, stimulus, target, effects

Answer 23

site: duodenum
stimulus: arrival of fat digestates
target: pancreas and stomach
effects: enzyme secretion (pancreas), decrease motor activity (stomach)

Question 24

where does the conversion of glucose to fat take place?

Answer 24

adipocytes in the liver

Question 25

how is glucose absorbed in the intestine?

Answer 25

by secondary active transport of sodium on the apical surface moves through the basolateral surface into the bloodstream to the liver using facilitated diffusion

Question 26

how does fructose absorption differ?

Answer 26

does not need secondary active transport, facilitated diffusion only most is converted to glucose in the enterocyte

Question 27

protein digestion

Answer 27

stomach: protein to polypeptide (pepsin) intestine: to amino acids (trypsin)

Question 28

how is protein absorbed in the intestine?

Answer 28

depending on the polarity of the amino acid (could be facilitated diffusion or secondary active transport by sodium gradient) facilitated diffusion on basolateral surface into blood to the liver

Question 29

fat digestion

Answer 29

bile and lipase work together in small intestine to emulsify into micelles to be shuttled to brush border

Question 30

how is fat absorbed in the small intestine?

Answer 30

diffuse simply at apical surface as monolipids and fatty acids converted back to triglycerides at endoplasmic reticulum released as chylomicrons in exocytosis to the lacteal

Question 31

albumin

Answer 31

protein that carries fatty acid molecules through the blood

Question 32

liver function in carb metabolism

Answer 32

maintains glucose levels through gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, release of glucose stores

Question 33

liver function in fat metabolism

Answer 33

synthesizes bile converts carbs and proteins into fat oxidizes fatty acids for energy

Question 34

what happens to blood pH when the liver mobilizes fats and proteins for energy?

Answer 34

decreases

Question 35

liver function in protein metabolism

Answer 35

deaminates amino acids forms urea from ammonia in blood synthesizes fibrinogen, prothrombin, albumin

Question 36

globulins

Answer 36

contain antibodies made by plasma cells

Question 37

prothrombin and fibrinogen

Answer 37

clotting factors

Question 38

constriction of the afferent arteriole will...

Answer 38

decrease blood flow and hydrostatic pressure resulting in less filtration

Question 39

constriction of the efferent arteriole will...

Answer 39

increase hydrostatic pressure resulting in more filtration

Question 40

fluid in Bowman's capsule is called

Answer 40

filtrate

Question 41

path of filtrate through nephron

Answer 41

Bowman's capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Thin descending limb Thick ascending limb Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct

Question 42

counter-current multiplier mechanism

Answer 42

1. salt is pumped from filtrate to medulla 2. water is equilibrated 3. shift filtrate along the tube function is to concentrate urine

Question 43

distal tubule

Answer 43

reabsorbs sodium and calcium ions while secreting potassium, hydrogen and bicarbonate

Question 44

effect of aldosterone on distal tubule

Answer 44

increases number of sodium potassium transport proteins increases blood pressure

Question 45

effect of ADH on collecting duct

Answer 45

becomes permeable to water

Question 46

filtration occurs in...

Answer 46

the renal corpuscle

Question 47

function of loop of Henle

Answer 47

concentrates solutes in the medulla

Question 48

function of collecting duct

Answer 48

concentrate the urine

Question 49

descending loop of Henle is ______ to water

Answer 49

permeable

Question 50

ascending loop of Henle is ______ to water

Answer 50

impermeable

Question 51

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 51

monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule

Question 52

when filtrate pressure is too low...

Answer 52

renin is secreted

Question 53

renin leads to...

Answer 53

angiotensin I travels to lungs to turn into angiotensin II

Question 54

angiotensin II causes...

Answer 54

blood vessels to constrict, raising blood pressure adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

Question 55

aldosterone acts on...

Answer 55

the distal tubule to absorb sodium and secrete potassium to increase blood pressure

Question 56

why does sodium absorption increase blood pressure?

Answer 56

water follows sodium which increase blood volume