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Pharmacology > 4 year 2 Chemo > Flashcards

4 year 2 Chemo Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

How is cell growth normally regulated?

A

Growth factors, cell cycle transducers, apoptotic genes, telomeres.

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2
Q

What is VEGF?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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3
Q

What does VEGF do?

A

Stimulates growth of new blood vessels

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4
Q

How many proto-oncogenes known?

A

40

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5
Q

How many proto-oncogenes have high chance of causing cancer?

A

14

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6
Q

Define chromosome translocation?

A

proto-oncogene moved to new site where protein expression more likely

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7
Q

Define angiogenesis

A

Growth of new blood vessels which requires GFs

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8
Q

In tumours daughter cells

A

Revert back to earlier development stage and are less spcialised

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9
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

bone marrow, adipose tissue and blood

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10
Q

Toxic effects of chemo example

A

Bone marrow suppression (myelotoxicity)

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11
Q

Define myelotoxicity?

A

Myelosuppression, bone marrow suppression. Decrease in cell production. Leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes.

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12
Q

What are the 4 classes of anticancer drugs?

A

Cytotoxic, hormones, monoclonal antibodies, protein kinase inhibits.

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13
Q

Name the 4 cytotoxic classes?

A

Alkylating, antimetabolites, antibiotics, plant derivatives.

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14
Q

How do cytotoxic drugs work?

A

Block DNA synthesis/prevent cell devision

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15
Q

How do hormone anticancer drugs work?

A

Suppress opposing hormone secretion or inhibit their actions

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16
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies work?

A

Target specific cancer cells

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17
Q

How do protein kinase inhibitors work?

A

Block cell signalling pathways in rapidly dividing cells.

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18
Q

Name the four alkylating classes

A

Nitrogen mustards, nitrosoureas, platinum compounds, other.

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19
Q

How do alkylating agents work?

A

Target cells in S phase. Covalent bonds, X uncoiling&replication

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20
Q

SEs of alkylating agents?

A

Sterility esp in men, ^risk of non-lymphocytic leukaemia

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21
Q

How do nitrosoureas work?

A

highly lipophilic. Cross bbb. CNS tumours.

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22
Q

Platinum compounds end in?

A

Platin

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23
Q

Name the three antimetaboliite classes

A

Folate antagonists, pyrimidine analogues, purine analogues.`

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24
Q

How do folate antagonists work?

A

Folate is essential for DNA synthesis

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25
How do pyrimidine analogues work?
Compete with C&T bases X DNA synthesis
26
How do purine analogues work?
Compete with A&G, inhibit purine metabolism
27
What do pyrimidine analogues end in? Exception?
abine (except Fluororacil)
28
What do antibiotics end in? Exception?
omycin (except doxorubicin)
29
Name the three plant derivative classes?
Vinca alkaloids, taxanes, others.
30
How do vinca alkaloids work?
madagascar periwinkle, prevents polymerisation of tubulin -> microbules-> Xspindles during mitosis.
31
What do vinca alkaloids end in?
JOKE. They start in Vin
32
Taxanes notes?
Bark of yew tree. Similar to vinca alkaloids. Advanced breast cancer.
33
What do taxanes end in?
axel
34
What drug is in the "other" plant derivative class?
Etoposide.
35
Which class rarely cures but just reduces symptoms?
Hormones
36
Notes on oestrogens
Androgen-dependent prostate cancer antagonists. Stimulates resting mammary cancer cells to divide to be killed.
37
What treats endometrial cancer?
Progestogens
38
How do GnRH work?
XGNRH rel -> ↓LH/FSH -> ↓testosterone.
39
What are GnRH used for?
Prostate cancer and advanced breast cancer.
40
What do GnRH end in?
relin
41
How do somatostatin analogues work?
X cell proliferation/hormone CCK/gastrin secretion. GI tract hormone tumours.
42
What do somatostatin analogues end in?
reotide
43
What are the four classes of hormones?
Oestrogens, prostogens, GnRH analogues. Somatostatin analogues.
44
What do Oestrogens treat?
Androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
45
Side effects of Oestrogens?
Nausea, fluid retention, thrombosis, impotence . gynacomastia in men
46
What do Prostogens treat?
Endometrial cancer
47
What do GnRH analogues end in?
relin
48
How do GnRH analogues work?
XGnRH release -> ↓LH/FSH -> ↓testosterone.
49
What do GnRH treat?
Prostate cancer and advanced breast cancer
50
What do somatostatin analogues treat?
GI tract tumours
51
What do somatostatin analogues end in?
otide
52
How do somatostatin drugs work?
Xcell proliferation/ hormone CCK/Gastrin secretion.
53
How do glucocorticoids work?
X lymphocyte proliferation -> treats lymphomas/ leukaemia
54
Notes on monoclonal antibodies?
Made by cultured hybridoma cells. React with specific target proteins on cancer cells-> activates immune system->lysis of cancer cells.
55
Advantages of monoclonal antibodies?
Specific so less SEs
56
What do monoclonal antibodies end in?
Mab
57
What do protein kinase inhibitors end in?
tinib
58
Why are cytotoxic drugs given in combination?
^ cytotoxicity without ^ in general toxicity. ↓ chance of resistance.
59
Why cytotoxic drugs given every 2-3 weeks?
Allows bone marrow to regenerate. ↓ chance of resistance. ^ effective
60
What drugs are effective for cytotoxic drug induced vomiting?
Granisetron/ Ondansetron
61
What is a dopamine (D2R) antagonist?
Metoclopramide
62
What anti-anxiety drug is used for chemo?
Lorazepam
63
Define autologous
Stem cells harvested from patient and infused back post chemo

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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