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Anatomy and Physiology > 40A - Lecture - Chapter #6 > Flashcards

40A - Lecture - Chapter #6 Flashcards

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0
Q

Support function of skeletal system

A

Framework which support skeletal muscle attachment

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1
Q

Functions of Bone and Skeletal System

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Mineral homeostasis
  5. Blood cell reproduction
  6. Triglyceride storage
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2
Q

Protection function of skeletal system

A

Protects internal soft tissue

Ex: skull -> brain

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3
Q

Movement function of skeletal system

A

Skeletal muscles contract (work, shorten). Puts tension on tendon that is attached to skeleton to move skeletal framework

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4
Q

Mineral homeostasis function of skeletal system

A

Store and release minerals; specifically calcium and phosphate

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5
Q

Blood cell reproduction function of skeletal system

A

In certain areas of long bones there is red bone marrow

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6
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Process to make Red blood cell. Gives rise to all blood cells within long bones

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7
Q

Triglyceride storage function of skeletal system

A

Yellow bone marrow within medullary cavity in long bones

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8
Q

Diaphysis

A

Middle section of long bone

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9
Q

Epiphysis

A

Proximal and distal end of long bones
Spongy bone internally
RBM fills area in spongy bone

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10
Q

Metaphysis

A

Between diaphysis and epiphysis in long bones
Made of spongy bone
Contains epiphyseal plate and eventually epiphyseal line

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11
Q

Growth plate

A

When plate is present one can grow in height

Eventually will ossify from hyaline cartilage to bone tissue

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12
Q

Periosteum

A

Goes around entire bone except articulation area

Contains outer fibrous layer and inner osteogenic layer

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13
Q

Outer fibrous layer

A

Part of periosteum

This is where tendons and ligaments will attach

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14
Q

Inner osteogenic layer

A

Part of periosteum

Bone cells arise and growth in width

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15
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hallow space within diaphysis
Contains yellow bone marrow in adults
This cavity will lower weight of bone

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16
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines medullary cavity

Growth in width

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17
Q

Calcification

A

The process in which minerals will be deposited and crystallized on collagen fibers and bone tissue hardness and strengthens

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18
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Originate from mesenchyme and can undergo cell division

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19
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Forms organic portion of ECM

Differentiates

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20
Q

Osteocytes

A

Maintain bone tissue

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21
Q

Where are osteoprogenic cells are located

A
  1. Inner osteogenic layers of periosteum
  2. Endosteum that lines medullary cavity
  3. Lining canals where blood vessels are present
  4. In spongy bone within RBM
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22
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Different from other 3
Causes bone resorption
Derived from WBC
Multi-nucleated

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23
Q

When do osteoclasts remodel bone

A
  1. Normal development
  2. Growth
  3. Maintenance
  4. Repair
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24
Products that osteoclasts make
1. Enzymes 2. Acid 3. Hormones
25
Enzymes (made my osteoclasts)
Digest the organic protein collagen (*collagen gives flexibility to bone without bones becoming brittle)
26
Acid (made by osteoclasts)
``` Remove minerals (calcium and phosphate) Bones become soft when minerals are removed ```
27
Hormones (made my osteoclasts)
Thyroid gland: product is calcitonin | Parathyroid gland: product is parathyroid hormone; can increase blood calcium levels
28
Compact bone
~80% | Major unit is osteon, has no gaps, contains YBM, has periosteum
29
Spongy bone
~20% | Major unit is trabeculae, has gaps, contains RBM, no blood vessels, contains osteocytes and osteoclasts
30
4 Ossification Principle Situations
1. Initial formation of bone in embryo (1-2m) and fetus (3-9m) 2. Growth of bones in infancy, childhood, and adolescence until adult 3. Remodeling of bone: older bone tissue replacing newer bone tissue 4. Repair fractures
31
2 methods of ossification
Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
32
Intramembranous ossification
Starts as mesenchyme and forms sheet like layer of membrane Process: 1. Vascularized therefore can bring osteoprogenitor cells. Will give rise to osteoblasts 2. Collagen fibers then initiates calcification and will differentiate into osteocytes 3. Makes spongy bone first and remodel into compact bone
33
Enochondral ossification
Starts as mesenchyme. Forming bone and starts as cartilage and replaces it in most area. Process: 1. Avascular; chondroblasts (can still divide) and forms chondrocytes (can still divide). Starting in the middle chondrocytes will hypertrophy and then become calcified cartilage 2. Becomes vascularized which brings in a blood supply and creates a primary ossification center (starts making bone towards both epiphysis) 3. Due to a blood supply osteoprogenitor cells are brought in and are still able to divide 4. Osteoblasts are made through division and will differentiate into osteocytes
34
Appositional growth
Growth in width and diameter | Bone destroyed by osteoclasts inside and bone forms by osteoblasts on the outside
35
Interstitial growth
Involves epiphyseal plate. Growth in long bones of proximal and distal ends
36
Epiphyseal zones
1. Zone of resting cartilage * 2. Zone of proliferating cartilage 3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4. Zone of calcified cartilage
37
Zone of resting cartilage
Closest to epiphysis | Anchors epiphyseal line to epiphysis
38
*Zone of proliferating cartilage
Chondrocytes are going to divide | As long as this zone is present one will grow in height
39
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
Hypertrophy means cells will enlarge or increase in size
40
Zones of calcified cartilage
Near diaphysis Minerals will bring calcium and phosphate Kills of chondrocytes, bring blood supplies and bones cells will convert into spongy bone
41
Remodeling of bone is involved in where?
Bone resorption: breaking down bone by osteoclasts | Bone deposition: make new bone. Osteoblasts will make collagen fiber and bring minerals
42
Factors that affect bone growth and remodeling
1. Minerals 2. Vitamins 3. Hormones
43
Vitamins that affect bone growth and remodeling
Vitamin A: increase osteoblasts activity Vitamin C: increase protein synthesis trying to make collagen fibers Vitamin D: helps absorb calcium Vitamin K and B12: same as vitamin C
44
Hormones affecting bone growth and remodeling
Males testes make testosterone Female ovaries make estrogen These increase osteoblasts activity and decrease osteoclasts activity
45
Human growth hormone (hGH)
Made by pituitary gland. Major role is to increase insulinlike growth factor
46
Insulinlike growth factor (IGF)
Made by liver. Will target zone #2 proliferation of chondrocytes. IGF will increase osteogenic of periosteum
47
Women cell activity before menopause
Increase estrogen Increase osteoblasts Decrease activity Bone formation > bone resorption
48
Women cell activity after menopause
Decrease estrogen Decrease osteoblasts activity Increase osteoclasts activity Bone resorption > bone formation = osteoporosis
49
Open / compound fracture
breaks open skin
50
Closed / Simple fracture
Skin is intact
51
Green stick fracture
Occurs within children | Not complete break in bone, bone is flexible and not fully calcified
52
Stress fractures
Ex: shin splints
53
Process to recover
1. Reactive phase 2a. Reparative phase 2b. Reparative phase 3. Bone remodeling phase
54
Reactive phase
Blood clot, area is avascular, formation of fracture hemotoma
55
Reparative phase (2a)
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation area is still avascular, bridge 2 ends together
56
Reparative phase (2b)
Bony callus formation, starts making bone because it becomes vascularized
57
Osteoporosis
Bone resorption outpaces bone formation Cause: depletion of calcium and vit D Treatment: increase calcium, vit d and exercise
58
Rickets
Disease in children bones, becomes soft and rubbery Cause: vit d and calcium deficiency Treatment: Increase vitamin d and calcium
59
Osteomalacia
Adult form of rickets New bone fails to ossify Causes: vit d and calcium deficiency Treatment: increase vitamin d and calcium

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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