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Anatomy and Physiology > 40B - Lecture Chapter - #19 > Flashcards

40B - Lecture Chapter - #19 Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of blood

A
  1. Transportation
  2. Regulation
  3. Protection
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2
Q

Function of blood (transportation)

A
  1. Cells

2. Plasma

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3
Q

Function of blood (regulation)

A
  1. pH (buffers)
  2. Body temp
  3. Control water content
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4
Q

Function of blood (protection)

A
  1. Blood loss (clotting)
  2. Cells for defense (WBC / Leukocyte)
  3. Proteins that circulates in blood called anti-bodies
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5
Q

Physical characteristics of blood

A
  1. Thicker, sticky, and more viscous than water
  2. Temp is 1C higher than body temp
  3. pH is 7.35 - 7.45
  4. Volume of blood is ~5L
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6
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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7
Q

Acidosis

A
  • pH of blood is lower than 7.35
  • Decrease activity of CNS
  • Deadly below 7.0
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8
Q

Alkalosis

A
  • pH is higher than 7.45
  • Increase activity of CNS and PNS
  • Deadly above 7.65
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9
Q

What is the volume of blood?

A

~ 5L

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10
Q

Albumin

A
  • Transport Protein*
  • Made by liver
  • Transport hydrophobic molecules
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11
Q

Globulin

A
  • GENERAL TERM. IE: ENZYME*
  • Made by liver
  • Made by WBC
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12
Q

Immunoglobin

A 
AKA Antibody ( plasma protein)
-Body makes defense weapon
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13
Q

Fibrinogen

A
  • Specific globulin

- Helps with blood clotting

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14
Q

Other solutes in blood

A
  1. Electrolytes
  2. Nutrients
  3. Respiratory
  4. Waste product
  5. Regulatory substances
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15
Q

Regulatory substances in blood

A

Enzymes, hormones, vitamins

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16
Q

Formed elements in blood

A
  1. RBC
  2. WBC
  3. Platelets
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17
Q

Formed elements (RBC)

A
  • Make protein hemoglobin
  • Transport O2 and CO2
  • Disc shaped no nucleus
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18
Q

Formed elements (WBC)

A
  • Defense

- Lifespan varies

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19
Q

Formed elements (Platelets)

A

AKA thrombocytes

  • Blood clot
  • Lifespan ~ 1wk
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20
Q

WBC / Leukocytes

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Basophil
  4. Lymphocytes
  5. Monocyte
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21
Q

Neutrophil

A
  • First responder to tissue damage or bacterial infection
  • Able to leave blood stream and go into tissue
  • Destroy pathogen though phagocytosis
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22
Q

Eosinophil

A

-Release histamine-ase (anti-histamine)

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23
Q

Basophil

A
  • Release histamine

- Causes vasodilation

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24
Q

Vasodilation

A

Widening of blood vessels

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25
Lymphocytes
- T Cells: T-lymphocytes | - B Cells: B-lymphocytes
26
Monocyte
- Enter tissue and differentiate into macrophages - Macrophage found in spleen and liver - Recycling of old RBC
27
Hematocrit
Percent of RBC in whole blood
28
Average hematocrit
~45%
29
Why is do males have a higher hematocrit than females?
Testosterone increases EPO
30
EPO
Erythropoietin - Made by kidney - Main function is to increase RBC production
31
Anemia
Lower than normal hematocrit | ~Lower than 30%
32
Polycythemia
Higher than normal hematocrit | ~Higher than 65%
33
Causes of anemia
- Decease EPO - Low iron in diet - Decease B12 - Blood loss
34
Causes of polycythemia
- Tissue hypoxia - Dehydration - EPO is administered when person has kidney disease
35
Hypoxia
Decrease O2 in tissue
36
What happens when one artificially induces polycythemia?
- Increase O2 capacity - Increase viscosity - Increase BP - Increase formation of blood clot
37
Hemopoiesis
AKA hematopoiesis | Process to make all blood cells
38
Where do RBC form and go after formed?
All RBC cells start with stem cells at RBM and then go into blood vessel
39
Which cells can exit blood stream and enter tissue?
White Blood Cells | Ex: goes in to lymph nodes
40
What specific WBC can go into tissue?
1. Macrophage (from monocyte) | 2. Plasma cell (from B-Lymphocyte)
41
Symptoms of Acidosis
pH
42
Symptoms of Alkalosis
pH > 7.65 | Convulsions, hyperventilation, vomiting
43
RBC formation
Proerythroblast -> Reticulocyte -> Erthrocyte
44
Platelet formation
Megakaroblast -> Megakaryocyte -> Thrombocyte
45
Hemoglobin molecule
Heme group - O2 | Protein Component - CO2
46
Carbon Monoxide affect on hemegroup
CO has a stronger attachment to Hemegroup than O2
47
Lifespan of RBC
~4mo (120 days)
48
Where does RBC recycle?
Liver, bone marrow, spleen
49
Steps for globin to recycle
1. Amino acids get reused for protein synthesis
50
Steps for hemegroup (Fe+3)
1. (BV) Keep iron 2. (BV) Transferrin picks up 3. (BV) Inside liver and binds to Ferritin 4. (BV) Fe+3 attach to transferrin and bring to RBM 5. (BV) Erythropoiesis in RBC 6. (BV) Back to blood stream
51
Steps for hemegroup (Biliverdin)
1. Converts into Bilirubin 2. (BV) Goes into liver 3. (BI) Goes into bile and small intestine 4. Either goes to feces or urine
52
Jaundice
Build up of bilirubin in blood, molecule will enter sclera and skin
53
Jaundice in newborn
Liver not mature enough to handle recycling of RBC | Treatment: Blue or fluorescent light. Breaks down Bilirubin
54
Jaundice in adults
Liver disease is the usual cause
55
Emigration of WBC
Neutrophil -> Rolling -> Sticking -> Squeezing
56
Hemorrage
Loss of large amount of blood from blood vessel
57
Blood doping
Artificially inducing polycythemia (Usually to gain a competitive edge)
58
Hemostasis
Sequence of responses that stops bleeding | 3 mechanisms
59
3 Mechanisms for Hemostasis
1. Vascular spam 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Blood clotting
60
Vascular spams (Hemostasis)
Contraction of smooth muscle in all of blood vessels
61
Platelet Plug formation (Hemostasis)
Sticky substance. Changes shape and platelets will release chemicals. Platelets will make a clump
62
Blood clotting (Hemostasis)
Needs to make sticky protein and fibrinthread
63
Blood clotting cascade
1. Extrinsic Pathway | 2. Intrinsic pathway
64
Extrinsic pathway
Appropriate | *Tissue trauma -> Tissue factor -> Blood vessel -> Prothrombinase
65
Intrinsic pathway
Inappropriate | *Blood trauma -> damaged endothelial and damaged platelet -> Prothrombinase
66
What enzyme is needed for prothrombin to make thrombin
Prothrombinase
67
Prothrombin
Made by liver, requires K+ | Inactive and soluble
68
Thrombin
Activated | Enzyme
69
What is enzyme is needed to make Fibrinogen to make Firbin
Thrombin
70
Fibrinogen
Plasma protein made by liver | Soluble and inactive
71
Fibrin
Insoluble, protein, sticky, major form of clot
72
Thrombolytic Agents
AKA Fibrinolysis (plasminogen)
73
What chemicals can make Fibrinolysis into Plasmin
1. Streptokinease (bacterial) | 2. TPA (tissue plasminogen activator) (human)
74
Plasmin
AKA fibrinolysin | -Goes after fibrin and breaks it down
75
Anticoagulants
Stop fibrin formation or stops blood clotting
76
Coumadin
Anticoagulant. Warfaren. Medicine Decrease in Vit K in body Liver -> (VIT K IS DECREASED) -> Prothrombin -> Thrombin
77
Heparin
Bind to anti-thrombin and increase effectiveness, body makes | Prothrombin (KNOCKS OUT) -> Thrombin
78
Asprin
Inhibit platelet activation, prevents platelets to becoming sticky
79
Intravascular Clotting
*Inappropriate clot | Cause: Blood trauma
80
Causes of intravascular clotting
1. Roughening endothelium lining of blood vessels | 2. Cause blood to slow down in atherosclerosis
81
Atherosclerosis
Narrows leumen, concentration of activated platelets and blood clots form
82
Thrombosis
Clotting in unbroken blood vessel
83
Thrombus
Clotting
84
Embolus
Clot that moves in blood vessel
85
Pulmonary Embolism
Clot that blocks pulmonary arteries and arterioles
86
Symptoms of pulmonary embolism
1. Sudden and unexplained shortness of breath 2. Chest pain 3. Cough
87
Treatment for pulmonary embolism
1. Treat with anti-coagulent | 2. Treat with Thrombolytic agents
88
Hemophila
* Bleeding disorder - Lacks clotting factor - Inherited deficiency or may occur spontaneously
89
Treatment to hemophila
1. Administer missing clotting factor | 2. Drug that increase blood clotting factor
90
Leukemia
*White blood cell | More WBC than RBC, group of RBM cancers
91
Characteristics of leukemia
1. Increase in abnormal WBC that multiply uncontrollably 2. Causes hypoxia 3. Abnormal blood clotting 4. Susceptible to infection 5. Cancer can spread to spleen, liver, lymph nodes 6. Anemia
92
Acute Anemia
Associated with children and sometimes in adults. Symptoms develop rapidly
93
Chronic Anemia
Associated with adults. Symptoms may take years
94
Causes of leukemia
Unknown
95
Risk factors for leukemia
1. Genetics 2. Radiation 3. Environmental 4. Microbes
96
Treatment for leukemia
1. Chemo (need RBM transplant) | 2. Blood transfusion
97
Sickle Cell Disease
Inherited disease in which the RBC forms and abnormal shape because the hemoglobin molecule inside cell changes
98
What is the adaptive advantage to having malaria and sickle cell?
The parasite in Malaria will be killed if it enters sickled cell
99
Characteristics of Sickle Cell Anemia
1. RBC die quickly. Tissues do not get O2 2. Increase hemoglobin in blood, damage filtration in Kidney 3. Increase tendency for blood clotting
100
Symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia
1. Anemia 2. Jaundice 3. Pain (clogging capillaries) 4. Shortness of breath
101
Treatment of Sickle cell Anemia
1. EPO 2. Pain 3. Bone marrow transplant 4. Blood transfusions 5. Hydroxy Urea
102
Hydroxy Urea
Increase form of Hb-F | Decrease incidence RBC to sickle

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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