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PR - Psychology/Sociology > 4.1-4.3 Attention, cognition, consciousness > Flashcards

4.1-4.3 Attention, cognition, consciousness Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Pathway of information

A

Sensation -> attention (filtering) -> cognition -> behavior

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2
Q

attended/unattended channel

A

attended - the important ear, we remember this
unattended - we tend to forget

a feature of selective attention

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3
Q

Broadbent filter

A

a model of model of selective attention

  • prevents information overload
  • a selective filter is applied based on physical properties of the sound
  • does not take into account the cocktail party effect
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4
Q

cocktail party effect

A

adapts the theory, unattended ear is not completely filtered out, but rather it is dampened, and still processed

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5
Q

Anne Treisman’s attenuation model

A

attenuation - turn down the volume, does not eliminate the input

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6
Q

selective priming

A

we are primed to hear our names or names of people we know

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7
Q

spotlight model

A

a theory of visual attention, the spotlight is a beam that shines anywhere in a individual’s visual field. the shift in attention precedes eye movement

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8
Q

the binding problem

A

in visual perception, the problem of how different aspects are assembled together and related to a single object, rather than something else in the visual field

  • solved by visual attention, feature detection
  • binding is problematic when viewing two items
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9
Q

divided attention

A

multitasking - performing multiple tasks simultaneously

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10
Q

resource model of attention (three factors)

A

limited pool of resources when performing tasks; if resourced required exceeds available resources, tasks cannot be accomplished at the same time.

  • task similarity
  • task difficulty
  • task practice
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11
Q

behavioralism is concerned with…

A

stimulus and response

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12
Q

information-processing model of the brain

A

attention -> perception -> storage into memory

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13
Q

Alan Baddeley’s model

A

working memory consists of 4 components

  1. phonological loop
  2. visuospatial sketchpad
  3. episodic buffer
  4. central executive

phonological - we repeat verbal information to aid memory
visuospatial - mental images
episodic buffer - integrate verbal/imagery with a sense of time, interface with long-term memory, into coherent episodes. seeing a station wagon your father used to drive
central executive - shifting and dividing attention

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14
Q

Jean Piaget

A

children develop schemas

assimilate into existing schemas, or adjusting schemas

ex. monster

4 developmental stages

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15
Q

Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of development

A
  1. sensorimotor (0-2): they sense the world through senses and movement. learn object permanence - existence of objects out of sight
  2. preoperational (2-7): symbols like words and images, pretend play, development of language, but lack logical reasoning, also: egocentric (do not understand other people have perspectives)
  3. concrete operational (7-11): logical thinking about concrete events. principle of conservation (water and shape). mathematical concepts
  4. formal operational (12-adult): abstract reasoning (hypothesizing) and moral reasoning
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16
Q

recall versus recognition

A

recognition is retrieving information from memory with clues

elderly have worse recall, slower reaction times and speech, and harder time with time-based tasks

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17
Q

role of culture/language

A

culture = social processes -> affects how we internalize information

expression of thought is limited to language; multilingual people have been shown to perform differently on tests based on language used

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18
Q

confirmation bias

A

a problem with thinking, searching for information that confirms a preconceived thinking

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19
Q

fixation

A

a problem with effective problem solving: the existence of of a MENTAL SET; a tendency to focus only on solutions that worked in the past

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20
Q

functional fixedness

A

perceive functions of objects as fixed and and unchanging. a key can also work as a box cutter

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21
Q

availability heuristic

A

what we know we tend to suggest as more likely

  1. Haydn and Beethoven prolificacy
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22
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

Generalization of rude Post Office worker : “all post office workers are rude”

a particular example dominates all thinking

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23
Q

belief bias

A

tendency to judge argument based on their conclusions rather than their logic

“we have a belief, from which we base all arguments”

we tend to accept conclusions that fit in with our beliefs

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24
Q

belief perseverance

A

our tendency to cling to beliefs despite the presence of contrary evidence

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25
overconfidence
over-reliance on heuristics and over-estimation of the accuracy of our knowledge and judgements
26
information framing
ex. 75% lean versus 25% fat | ex. free for credit card, versus discount for cash
27
consciousness
required for complex and novel tasks
28
subconscious cues
influence out impressions without coming into consciousness
29
alertness/arousal
our ability to remain attention to what's going on; controlled by brainstem and reticular formation (RAS)
30
PSG
polysomnography - multimodal technique to measure processes during sleep EEG - electrical impulses in brain EMG - muscle EOG - oculogram
31
alpha waves
small amplitude, high frequency; as somebody prepares for sleep HIGH consciousness
32
sleep stages
alpha waves (drowsy) -> non-REM sleep (Stage 1) -> K-complexes and sleep spindles (Stage 2) -> Stage 3/4 (delta waves - slow wave), lowest level of consciousness -> REM sleep
33
Stage 1 sleep
theta waves (low to moderate intensity, intermediate frequency 3-7 hertz) - slow rolling eye movements and moderate muscular activity has fleeting thoughts and less responsive to stimuli LIGHT consciousness
34
Stage 2 (sleep)
K-complexes and sleep spindles K-complex (0.5 second, large and slow), a single wave amongst theta waves sleep spindles - bursts of waves 12-14 Hz moderately intense (last 0.5-1.5 seconds) NO eye movement, moderate muscular activity Increased relaxation INTERMEDIATE consciousness
35
Stage 3/4 (sleep)
transition into slow wave sleep delta waves (high amplitude, low frequency) No eye movement, moderate muscle activity Heart rate slows, digestion slows, growth hormones are secreted
36
REM sleep
paradoxical sleep bursts of eye movements similar to beta waves (similar to awake) - low intensity, more jagged than beta waves Low (almost no) skeletal movement - bursts and twitches Dreaming occurs here. High level of consciousness
37
sleep overview
babies need more sleep (16 hours) deep sleep (stage 3/4) are longest early in the night sleep cycle is 90 minutes (includes periods of non-REM and REM sleep) REM periods increase as night goes on
38
sleep regulation
nerve from retina to suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus, which signals other parts of the brain, regulating body temperature and lease of hormones SCN is the internal clock - cortisol is released in the morning
39
Melatonin
produced in the pineal gland. controlled by SCN, controls sleepiness light causes drop in Melatonin
40
body temperature...
drops toward the end of the day and during sleep
41
REM rebound
increase in REM sleep if it is missed
42
manifest content
plotline of dream, Freud, filled with unconscious drives and wishes that are difficult to express inner conflict
43
sleeping benefits
improve learning and problem-solving e.g. rats dreaming of solving a maze, which helped performance
44
purpose of dreams
byproduct of brain activation during REM sleep provide a template for consciousness, to practice consciousness-development
45
narcolepsy
bursts of sleepiness lasting less than 5 minutes, related to a lack of OREXIN (hypocretin)
46
dyssomnia
insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea
47
parasomnia
abnormal behaviors during sleep - somnambulism (sleepwalking) occurs during SLOW WAVE sleep, first third of night - genetics for somnambulism - night terrors: stage 3
48
hypnotism
focus on what is being said by the hypnotist, relax recall memories versus constructing false memories through imagination cannot force people to do extreme things useful for pain relief; headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders Dissociation theory: extreme form of divided consciousness; the subject is on autopilot and hypnotist takes over executive control Social Influence theory: people adopt a role
49
meditation
training of attention manage pain, stress, and anxiety mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) - medically reduce stress - increased alpha and theta waves
50
three classes of psychoactive drugs
1. depressants, 2. stimulants, 3. hallucinogens
51
depressants
alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers), opiates slow neural activity alcohol suppresses REM sleep, reduced short-term memory and less restful sleep alcohol overdose depresses the respiratory control centers in medulla to the point breathing stops
52
alcohol effects
stimulates GABA (anxiety-reduction) and dopamine (minor euphoria) prolonged alcohol intake reduces the brain depress the sympathetic NS
53
barbiturates
depress the sympathetic NS sleep aid dangerous in combination with alcohol, prone to overdose opiates mimic neurotransmitters endorphin
54
stimulants
caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines increase release of NT, reducing reuptake of NT, both increased energy, respiratory rate, heart rate, pupil dilation cocaine releases dopamine, serotonin, and norepineprhine
55
MDMA
serotonin and dopamine, mild hallucinogen, causes a reduction serotonin level that may cause depressed mood
56
LSD
vivid colors and imagery; separation from one's body; euphoria to panic
57
THC
stimulates cannabinoid receptors in the brain; relaxes and disinhibits like alcohol. amplifies sensory perceptions like colors, sounds, tastes, and smells impairs motor skills, reaction time, judgement Can help with nausea and pain
58
psychological dependence
using a drug in response to painful situation, depression, anxiety, or trauma i.e. using alcohol at a party
59
physical dependence
evidenced by withdrawal. a physical and painful experience alleviated only by the drug caffeine addiction has withdrawals
60
addiction
biologically-based. nucleus accumbens "pleasure center"

PR - Psychology/Sociology (16 decks)

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