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PR - Psychology/Sociology > 8.1 > Flashcards

8.1 Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

society

A

Culture + locality

group of people who share a culture, and live interact with each other within a definable area

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2
Q

functionalism

A

sociology - society as LIVING organism with different parts and organs

Durkheim -> dynamic equilibrium

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3
Q

Manifest versus latest function

A

intended versus unintended/less recognizable consequences of a structure

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4
Q

conflict theory

A

inequality in resources, people compete for social, political, and material resources (money, land, power, leisure)

Marx

fails to explain…

  1. non-forceful ways in which groups reach agreement
  2. focuses too much on people who lack power
  3. explains conflict only through economic factors
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5
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

MICRO

individuals society

COMMUNICATION, exchange of information through language/symbols

ex. dress codes, bike lanes

individuals actively change society, rather than acted upon

subjective meanings of objects, events, and behaviors

human interpretation constructs society

  1. MEANING is ascribed to things
  2. LANGUAGE allows humans to generate meaning through social interaction
  3. meanings are modified through THOUGHT processes
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6
Q

dramaturgical approach

A

people in society choose what kind of image they want to communicate verbally and nonverbally to others

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7
Q

social constructionism

A

reality is shaped by social interactions

construction means NOT reality, NOT inherent

ex. marriage, money

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8
Q

social institutions

A

roles, norms, values organized into a stable form that contributes to social order by governing the behavior of people - provides predictability, organization for people -> mediates social behavior

ex. education, family, religions, government, health care systems

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9
Q

social institutions

A

family, education, organized religion, government, economy, medicine

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10
Q

culture

A

shared way of life: beliefs and practices

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11
Q

symbolic culture

A

symbols that convey meaning and recognized by people of the same culture

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12
Q

material culture

A

physical objects particular to a culture

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13
Q

demography

A

study of human population dynamics (size, structure, distribution of populations) - birth, death, and migration

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14
Q

residential segregation

A

separation of groups into different neighborhoods (race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status)

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15
Q

environmental injustice

A

poor people suffer from negative environmental impacts to health and well-being

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16
Q

social stratification

A

categorization by race, education, wealth, and income

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17
Q

meritocracy

A

is never perfect (merit, personal effort, establishes social standing)

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18
Q

social reproduction

A

structures and activities in place in a society that serve to transmit and reinforce social inequality

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19
Q

cultural capity

A

non-financial social assets that promote social mobility and social capital, social networks allow for upward social mobility

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20
Q

global stratification

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A

wealth, economic stability, power of various countries

21
Q

absolute poverty

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A

inability to meet bare minimum of basic necessities (water, food, safe housing, health care)

22
Q

Gumplowicz

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A

society shaped by WAR and CONQUEST, certain groups become dominant over others

23
Q

Weber

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A

expanded on Marx, inequalities include political power and social status

decreased class conflict when, 1. agreement with authority figures, 2. high rates of social mobility, 3. low rates of class difference

24
Q

rational choice theory

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A

decisions driven by rational choice

greatest reward, lowest cost

25
social exchange theory
assign punishments (costs) and rewards (benefits) to interactions and relationships, we prefer those with the greatest personal benefits -- not necessarily economic (hug, smile, frown) involve an exchange of resources Minimal costs, maximum benefits Profit from interaction = rewards of interaction - punishments of the interaction
26
theoretical approaches of society (DRAW TABLE - p. 288)
DRAW
27
kinship
extended family, community bilateral descent - maternal and paternal relations preference: patrilineal, matrilineal
28
how governments derive their powers
1. rational-legal -> legal rules and regulations stipulated in documents 2. traditional authority -> custom, tradition, accepted practice 3. charismatic authority -> MLK
29
aristarchic government
small group of people with decision-making powers does NOT involve the public ex. aristocracies, meritocracies
30
autocratic
single person, or selectively small group, with absolute decision-making power dictatorships, fascist
31
4 categories of economic structures
1. command (planned) - means of production are state-owned 2. market - supply and demand, MoP are private (ex. laissez-faire, free market economies) 3. mixed - blend of command and market (public and private ownership) - US 4. traditional - social customs - bartering and trading
32
Durkheim's two forms of social solidarity (economic approach)
mechanical solidarity -> common beliefs lead to people having fundamental experience. COLLECTIVE CONSCIENCE, shared beliefs, morals, and values. (Agricultural societies) Organic solidarity -> division of labor, each person has a different personal experience
33
medical model
physical factors lead to disease -- criminality, drug addition, depression
34
social model of disease
one's social class, employment status, neighborhood, exposure to environmental toxins, diet, and other factors affect health PROXIMATE CAUSE
35
sick role
= deviance Talcott Parsons the sick person must seek medical care and make a sincere attempt to get well
36
sapir-whorf hypothesis
we define the world through language, which shapes how we experience the world
37
cultural diffusion/imperialism
social ideas and religious traditions transfering
38
sociocultural evolution
questions how human minds have evolved for us to succeed as beings with natural social tendencies
39
positive and preventative checks
in Malthusianism, positive checks raise the death rate (plague, disasters, hunger), and preventative check lower the birth rate (means of sustenance are limited)
40
race and ethnicity
race - genetic origin ethnicity - socially defined concept based on social experience or ancestry both race and ethnicities are SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS (p. 312)
41
demographic interest
``` dominant groups (not necessarily a majority) age, gender, race, ethnicity, SO, immigration status disability, socioeconomic characteristics ```
42
racial formation perspective
Michael Omi and Howard Winat race is not genetic but constructed through economic, political and social forces, which ascribe social meanings to these categories race is socially learned racialization -> ascribing racial or ethnic identities (perceived or real) to groups
43
false consciousness
when members of proletariat don't recognize the state of class relations under capitalism -> overly strong belief in meritocracy and economic rationality
44
social reproduction
structure and activities that serve to transmit and reinforce social inequality cultural capital social capital
45
cultural capital
non-financial social assets that promote social mobility (e.g. education)
46
social capital
social network allows for social mobility but also can reinforce inequalities
47
priviledge
an unearned benefit
48
intersectionality
traits cannot be assessed in isolation
49
3 Ds
dirty, dangerous, difficult

PR - Psychology/Sociology (16 decks)

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